Commenda

The port and fleet of Genoa, early 14th century

The commenda was a medieval contract which developed in Italy around the 13th century, and was an early form of limited partnership. ^{[1] [2]} The commenda was an agreement between an investing partner and a traveling partner to conduct a commercial enterprise, usually overseas. ^[3] The terms of the partnership varied, and are usually categorized by modern historians as unilateral commenda and bilateral commenda, based on the share of contributions and profits between the partners. ^[4] The bilateral commenda was known in Venice as collegantia or colleganza. ^[5] The commenda has been described as a foundational innovation in the history of finance and trade. ^{[4] [6] [7]}

The commenda was a partnership between an investing partner (called the commendator, or socius stans) and a traveling partner (called the tractator or socius procertans). ^[8] The investing partner would provide the capital and the traveling partner would execute a commercial enterprise (generally maritime transport), the initial capital would be returned to the investing partner and the remaining profits would then be split. ^[9] The commenda was in essence as joint-stock company for the financing of a single expedition. ^[7] Depending on the contribution of the traveling partner, historians define two types of commenda:

• Unilateral commenda: the investing partner would contribute the capital and a traveling partner none; the profits would be split three fourth for the investing partner and one fourth for the traveling partner. ^[10] The investing partner bore all liability for loss, while the traveling partner bore none. ^[4] The Statutes of Marseille of 1253 state protected the traveling partner against lawsuits following shipwreck or capture of the ship. ^[4] It was called commendatio in Venice. ^[8]
• Bilateral commenda, the investing partner would put up two-thirds of the capital and the traveling partner one third, and the profits would be split evenly. ^[10] The investing partner bore two-thirds of any loss, while the traveling partner bore one third. ^[4] It was called colleganza or collegantia in Venice and societas in Genoa. ^{[8] [1]}

Each individual contract was different, and sometimes the investment was a share in a ship. ^[10]

History

The origins of the commenda are debated, and likely derived from several sources including the Babylonian tapputûm, the Greco-Roman societas consensu contracta and foenus nauticum, the Byzantine chreokoinonia, the Muslim qirad, and the Jewish 'isqa. ^{[11] [12] [1]} Although it has precedent in these previous types of contracts, the commenda has peculiarities of its own. ^[1] The first mention of the Venetian colleganza dates to 1073, but it had been used since the 10th century. ^{[13] [8]} By the 12th century, the commendatio had supplanted the colleganza in Venice. ^[8]

References

1. Lopez, Robert Sabatino; Raymond, Irving Woodworth; Constable, Olivia Remie (2001). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents. Columbia University Press. ISBN   978-0-231-12356-3.
2. Luzzatto, Gino (1954). Studi di storia economica veneziana (in Italian). Padova: CEDAM. OCLC   7341360.
3. Van Doosselaere, Quentin, 1961– (2009). Commercial agreements and social dynamics in medieval Genoa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN   978-0-511-51790-7. OCLC   371197311.
4. Pryor, John H. (January 1977). "The Origins of the Commenda Contract" . Speculum. 52 (1): 5–37. doi:10.2307/2856894. ISSN   0038-7134. JSTOR   2856894. S2CID   162370493.
5. Setton, Kenneth M. (September 1985). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN   978-0-299-09144-6.
6. Nisen, Max. "How Globalization Created And Destroyed The City Of Venice". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-01-13.
7. Freeland, Chrystia (2012-10-13). "Opinion | The Self-Destruction of the 1 Percent (Published 2012)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-01-13.
8. "Eta Ducale – Le risorse: MERCATURA E MONETA in "Storia di Venezia"". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2021-01-13.
9. Paine, Lincoln (2013-10-29). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-307-96225-6.
10. Lopez, Robert Sabatino; Raymond, Irving Woodworth; Constable, Olivia Remie (2001). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents. Columbia University Press. ISBN   978-0-231-12356-3.
11. Pryor, John H. (1977-01-01). "The Origins of the Commenda Contract" . Speculum. 52 (1): 5–37. doi:10.2307/2856894. ISSN   0038-7134. JSTOR   2856894. S2CID   162370493.
12. Trevisanato, Andrea <1958> (2015-02-24). "Il contratto di colleganza nella documentazione medievale veneziana. Studio storico e diplomatistico".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
13. Lopez, Robert Sabatino; Raymond, Irving Woodworth; Constable, Olivia Remie (2001). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents. Columbia University Press. pp. 176–177. ISBN   978-0-231-12356-3.