Concertaje

Concertaje was a forced labor system in Ecuador from the 17th century through the early 20th century. Under this system, landowners used unpaid debts of Indigenous workers, conciertos, ^[1] to lock them into contracts as indentured servants on their haciendas. Breach of such contracts could result in imprisonment. ^[2] The abolition of slavery in 1851 did not guarantee meaningful power to the newly freed, and they were still exploited and unfree under concertaje. ^[3] The practice drove rural agriculture in Ecuador, garnering support among organizations like the Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura. ^[4] Liberals in Ecuador, such as author Luis A. Martínez, ^{[5] [6]} fought for its abolition or for the debt of conciertos to be forgiven. ^[7] These efforts culminated in official abolishment in 1918 under the presidency of Alfredo Baquerizo. ^{[8] [4]} Nevertheless, the practice had its defenders afterward, such as Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño's Política Conservadora, whose first volume was published in 1929. ^[9]

References

1. "Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador's Modern Indigenous Movements". www.yachana.org. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
2. Rivadeneira, Alex (2023). "The Legacy of Concertaje in Ecuador". In Valencia Caicedo, Felipe (ed.). Roots of Underdevelopment. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 127–162. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38723-4_5. ISBN   978-3-031-38723-4.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
3. Antón Sánchez, John (2003). "Apuntes sobre la historia de los afrodescendientes en el Ecuador" (PDF). Cooperación Técnica BID ATN/SF-7759-EC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-04. Retrieved 2017-01-08.
4. Henderson, Paul (1997). "Cocoa, Finance and the State in Ecuador, 1895-1925". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 16 (2): 169–186. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.1997.tb00049.x. ISSN   0261-3050. JSTOR   3339105.
5. Martínez, Luis A. (1904). La agricultura ecuatoriana: obra publicada con el apoyo del Supremo gobierno (in Spanish). Impr. y Litograt̃ia de Salvador R. Porras. Retrieved 2023-05-29.
6. Martínez, Luis A. (1897). La agricultura del interior : causas de su atraso y modos de impulsarla por Luis A. Martínez. Quito, Ecuador : Imprenta "La Novedad". hdl:10469/16213 . Retrieved 2023-05-29.
7. Albornoz, César (2014). "La revolución que no redimió al indio ecuatoriano". Universidad Central del Ecuador (in Spanish).
8. Almeida, Ileana (2005). Historia del pueblo kechua. Editorial Abya Yala. p. 229. ISBN   978-9978-22-537-0.
9. Jacinto, Jijón y Caamaño. "De «Política conservadora» (Tomo I, págs. 97-209)". Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño (in Spanish). Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. Retrieved 2022-12-15.

• Alvarado, Pío Jaramillo (1954). El indio ecuatoriano (in Spanish). Editorial Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana . Retrieved 2023-05-04.
• Costales, Piedad Peñaherrera de; Samaniego, Alfredo Costales (1964). Historia social del Ecuador: El concertaje de indios y manumisión de esclavos (in Spanish). Editorial Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana . Retrieved 2022-09-19.