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The Concordat of 1928 was signed between the Colombian government and the Vatican on 5 May 1928. The concordat was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 3 August 1928. [1]
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Article 1: The Colombian government undertook to facilitate the continued operation of Catholic Missions in Colombia.
Article 2: Specified the Ecclesiastical districts in Colombia.
Article 3: Provided an appendix to the agreement to specify the boundaries of the Ecclesiastical districts.
Article 4: Provided for the establishment of stations on the borders with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador.
Article 5: Provided for government financial support of missions sent to the Native American tribes in Colombia.
Articles 6-8: Specified the funds to be allocated to maintain the missions.
Article 9: Placed the Catholic school system under the supervision of the missions.
Article 10: The Colombian government undertook to provide the missions with the land needed for their operation.
Article 11: Obliged heads of missions to submit to the Papal Nuncio annual reports about their finances, and these reports must be delivered both to the Vatican and the Colombian government.
Article 12: The Colombian government undertook not to appoint in the areas where Native American tribes resided any local officials hostile to the Catholic church.
Article 13: Obliged heads of mission to use their influence on Native American converts to promote government development plans on their lands.
Article 14: Granted mission officials the same legal status as other clergies.
Article 15: Obliged heads of missions to appoint legal representatives to deal with legal matters.
Article 16: Stipulated that the agreement shall remain in force for 25 years.
The Holy See, also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and the Vatican City State. It encompasses the office of the pope as the bishop of the Apostolic episcopal see of Rome and serves as the spiritual and administrative authority of the worldwide Catholic Church and the city-state. Under international law, the Holy See holds the status of a sovereign juridical entity.
An apostolic nuncio is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization. A nuncio is appointed by and represents the Holy See, and is the head of the diplomatic mission, called an apostolic nunciature, which is the equivalent of an embassy. The Holy See is legally distinct from the Vatican City or the Catholic Church. In modern times, a nuncio is usually an archbishop.
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Pietro Gasparri was a Roman Catholic cardinal, diplomat and politician in the Roman Curia and the signatory of the Lateran Pacts. He served also as Cardinal Secretary of State under Popes Benedict XV and Pope Pius XI.
Ludwig Kaas was a German Roman Catholic priest and politician of the Centre Party during the Weimar Republic. He was instrumental in brokering the Reichskonkordat between the Holy See and the German Reich.
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The Padroado was an arrangement between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Portugal and later the Portuguese Republic, through a series of concordats by which the Holy See delegated the administration of the local churches and granted some theocratic privileges to Portuguese monarchs.
The 1925 concordat (agreement) between the Holy See and the Second Polish Republic had 27 articles, which guaranteed the freedom of the Church and the faithful. It regulated the usual points of interests, Catholic instruction in primary schools and secondary schools, nomination of bishops, establishment of seminaries, a permanent nuncio in Warsaw, who also represents the interests of the Holy See in Gdańsk. It was considered one of the most favorable concordats for the Holy See, and would become a basis for many future concordats.
The Holy See has long been recognised as a subject of international law and as an active participant in international relations. It is distinct from the city-state of the Vatican City, over which the Holy See has "full ownership, exclusive dominion, and sovereign authority and jurisdiction".
The Concordat of 1851 was a concordat between the Spanish government of Queen Isabella II and the Vatican. It was negotiated in response to the policies of the anticlerical Liberal government, which had forced her mother out as regent in 1841. Although the concordat was signed on 16 March 1851, its terms were not implemented until 1855.
The legal status of the Holy See, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, both in state practice and according to the writing of modern legal scholars, is that of a full subject of public international law, with rights and duties analogous to those of states.
The Roman Catholic Church in the 20th century entered into a period of renewal, responding to the challenge of increasing secularization of Western society and persecution resulting from great social unrest and revolutions in several countries. A major event in the period was the Second Vatican Council, which took place between 1962 and 1965. The church instituted reforms, especially in the 1970s after the conclusion of the Council, to modernize practices and positions. On taking office part way through the Council, Pope Paul VI referred to "an impatient struggle for renewal".
Concordat signed between the Latvian government and the Vatican on 30 May 1922 by Latvian foreign minister Zigfrīds Meierovics and Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri. Ratifications were exchanged at the Vatican on 3 November 1922 by Latvian deputy foreign minister Hermanis Albats and Cardinal Gasparri, and the agreement became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 16 June 1923. The concordat became obsolete in 2000, as it was replaced by a new agreement between the Holy See and Latvia.
The Law of Guarantees, sometimes also called the Law of Papal Guarantees, was the name given to the law passed by the senate and chamber of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy, 13 May 1871, concerning the prerogatives of the Holy See, and the relations between state and church in the Kingdom of Italy. It guaranteed sovereign prerogatives to the pope, who had been deprived of the territory of the Papal States. The popes refused to accept the law, as it was enacted by a foreign government and could therefore be revoked at will, leaving the popes without a full claim to sovereign status. In response, the popes declared themselves prisoners of the Vatican. The ensuing Roman Question was not resolved until the Lateran Pacts of 1929.
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The Concordat of 1887 was a treaty signed by the President of the Republic of Colombia, Rafael Núñez, and by the Vatican State under Pope Leo XIII on December 31, 1887. It recognized Catholicism as the official religion of Colombia and gave major concessions to the Catholic Church. The treaty had a lasting effect on the relations of the Colombian State and Church. Most of its provisions were reversed through the 20th Century.
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