Controlled internal drug release

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Controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices are used in livestock for the synchronization of estrus. They are T-shaped devices with a silicone-coated nylon core. [1] The silicone coating is impregnated with progesterone. [2] CIDRs are inserted intra-vaginally using a specialized applicator. The flexible wings collapse for facilitated insertion and expand once placed appropriately within the vagina. [2] The expansion of the wings retains its position; CIDRs have very high retention rates that may exceed 97%. [3] A thin nylon tail remains exteriorized and is used for removal. [2]

Contents

Once inserted, CIDRs provide slow-release administration of progesterone, which artificially extends the luteal phase. [1] Plasma progesterone levels rapidly increase upon insertion, and remain relatively consistent while in place. [4] Following CIDR removal, progesterone levels decrease rapidly. [3] Occasionally, vaginal irritation may occur. This is normal and does not impact the effectiveness of the device or the animal’s performance. [3]

There are several types of CIDRs available, including CIDR-B for cattle, CIDR-S for sheep and CIDR-G for goats. CIDRs are similar to the progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID), also used for synchronization of estrous cycles in livestock.

Uses

CIDRs are approved for use in both beef cattle and dairy heifers in Canada and the United States. [2] CIDRs contain 1.9g of progesterone in Canada and 1.38g in the United States. [2] The CIDR-S is licensed for use in sheep and goats in New Zealand and Australia. [1] The CIDR-G is also suitable for use in ewes, lambs and goats. [4]

Oestrus synchronization

Cattle

In cattle, CIDR-Bs are often used with synchronization protocols. The product label typically indicates that, in conjunction with an appropriate synchronization protocol, CIDRs should be left in for 7 days. [2] Ovsynch is a particular protocol that is often followed. [5] These estrus synchronization protocols allow Fixed Time Artificial Insemination to be used, giving herd managers more accurate control. [6] The use of CIDRs with synchronization protocols helps improve reproductive performance by reducing the inefficiency associated with estrus detection. [6]

Although there is variability in the response to estrus synchronization, studies show consistently high pregnancy rates following Fixed Time Artificial Insemination with CIDR synchronization of ovarian follicle development. [2]

Sheep and goats

Previously, intravaginal progestogen sponges were a common method of estrus manipulation in ewes. [7] The development and success of CIDRs has increased their use in sheep and goats. Unlike intravaginal progestogen sponges, CIDRs do not absorb or impede drainage of natural vaginal secretions, offering a cleaner method of delivery. [1] [4] They also allow administration of a natural form of hormone, as opposed to the potent analogues used in sponges. [4] A dose of 550 mg of progesterone has been found to be effective in controlling estrus and ovulation in sheep. [7]

Treatment of follicular cysts

CIDRs may be used as a treatment in cows with follicular cysts. Follicular cysts in cattle affect a significant proportion of dairy cows in several countries, and hinder the dairy industry by extending the period from calving to conception. [8] CIDRs help by reducing the Luteinizing Hormone pulse frequency and inducing atresia of cystic follicles. [8] This may also allow affected cows to be re-used in breeding or embryo transfer programs.

History

CIDRs were developed by AHI Plastic Moulding Company in Hamilton, New Zealand, in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (New Zealand). [4] Developmental trials began in 1981. The CIDR-S was licensed in 1986 and the CIDR-G in 1988.

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Corpus luteum

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries and is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin A. It is the remains of the ovarian follicle that has released a mature ovum during a previous ovulation.

Dairy cattle

Dairy cattle are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows generally are of the species Bos taurus.

The estrous cycle or oestrous cycle is the set of recurring physiological changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian therian females. Estrous cycles start after sexual maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or by pregnancies. Typically, estrous cycles continue until death. Some animals may display bloody vaginal discharge, often mistaken for menstruation.

Vaginal ring

Vaginal rings are polymeric drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs for intravaginal administration over extended periods of time. The ring is inserted into the vagina and provides contraception protection. Vaginal rings come in one size that fits most women.

Ovulation induction is the stimulation of ovulation by medication. It is usually used in the sense of stimulation of the development of ovarian follicles to reverse anovulation or oligoovulation.

Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation is a technique used in assisted reproduction involving the use of fertility medications to induce ovulation by multiple ovarian follicles. These multiple follicles can be taken out by oocyte retrieval for use in in vitro fertilisation (IVF), or be given time to ovulate, resulting in superovulation which is the ovulation of a larger-than-normal number of eggs, generally in the sense of at least two. When ovulated follicles are fertilised in vivo, whether by natural or artificial insemination, there is a very high risk of a multiple pregnancy.

Sheep milk

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Domestic sheep reproduce sexually much like other mammals, and their reproductive strategy is furthermore very similar to other domestic herd animals. A flock of sheep is generally mated by a single ram, which has either been chosen by a farmer or has established dominance through physical contest with other rams. Most sheep have a breeding season (tupping) in the autumn, though some are able to breed year-round.

Intravaginal administration

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Progesterone devices are broadly used in the control of reproductive management in livestock. They work by increasing circulating plasma progesterone levels with the following consequences:

  1. Progesterone suppresses the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. This is done via a negative feedback to the hypothalamus neuroendocrine cells, by inhibition of KiSSpeptin KiSS1-derived peptide receptor, a protein needed for the release of GnRH.
  2. Low levels of GnRH prevent the emergence of a dominant follicle by reducing the release of LH and FSH hormones. Current follicular waves cease and a new wave emerges 3–5 days after implant.
  3. A dominant follicle develops but there is no ovulation as LH release is prevented by suppression of GnRH.
  4. Removal of progesterone device produces a surge of GnRH, generating a pulse of LH that induces ovulation.

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In agriculture, estrous synchronization is used to facilitate breeding by artificial insemination.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Carlson, K.M.; Pohl, H.A.; Marcek, J.M.; Muser, R.K.; Wheaton, J.E. (1989). "Evaluation of progesterone controlled internal drug release dispensers for synchronization of estrus in sheep". Animal Reproduction Science. 18 (1–3): 205–218. doi:10.1016/0378-4320(89)90022-5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mapletoft, J.R; Martínez, M.F.; Colazo, M.G.; Kastelic, J.P. (2003). "The use of controlled internal drug release devices for the regulation of bovine reproduction". Journal of Animal Science. 81 (14): E28–E36.
  3. 1 2 3 Eric Grant. 2006. Understanding CIDR. National Association of Animal Breeders. Feb 1, 2006. Retrieved March 20, 2012, from Beef Magazine: http://beefmagazine.com/mag/beef_understanding_cidr
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Wheaton, J.E; Carlson, K.M.; Windels, H.F.; Johnston, L.J. (1993). "CIDR: A new progesterone-releasing intravaginal device for induction of estrus and cycle control in sheep and goats". Animal Reproduction Science. 33 (1–4): 127–141. doi:10.1016/0378-4320(93)90111-4.
  5. ↑ Pursley, J. R.; Wiltbank, M.C.; Stevenson, J. S.; Ottobre, J.S.; Garverick, H.A.; Anderson, L.L. (1997). "Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus". J. Dairy Sci. 80 (2): 295–300. doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)75937-x . PMID   9058270.
  6. 1 2 Chebel, R.C.; Al-Hassan, M.J.; Fricke, P.M.; Santos, J.E.P.; Lima, J.R.; Martel, C.A.; Stevenson, J.S.; Garcia, R.; Ax, R.L. (2010). "Supplementation of progesterone via controlled internal drug release inserts during ovulation synchronization protocols in lactating dairy cows". Journal of Dairy Science. 93 (3): 922–931. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2301 . PMID   20172212.
  7. 1 2 Ainsworth, L.; Downey, B.R. (1986). "A controlled internal drug-release dispenser containing progesterone for control of the estrous cycle of ewes". Theriogenology. 26 (6): 847–856. doi:10.1016/0093-691x(86)90014-2.
  8. 1 2 Todoroki, J.; Kaneko, H. (2006). "Formation of Follicular Cysts in Cattle and Therapeutic Effects of Controlled Internal Drug Release". Journal of Reproduction and Development. 52 (1): 1–11. doi: 10.1262/jrd.17081 . PMID   16538030.
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