Cornel Schmitt (4 January 1874 – 13 January 1958) was a German pedagogue, musician, naturalist, and writer. He considered the natural world as a key to teaching and learning. He was a pioneer of bird acoustics and worked along with Hans Stadler to produce phonograph recordings and apply ideas from music to their description.
Schmitt was born in Marktheidenfeld, thirty kilometres west of Würzburg in the musically talented family of organist and teacher Karl Stephan and Anna née Schmitt. He learned to play the violin at five, the piano at nine and the organ at the age of ten. He also became a keen observer of nature. He studied at a preparatory school in Lohr am Main from 1886 to 1891. He then went to the Würzburg teacher training school and became a teacher at various places including Freising and Landsberg am Lech. He then moved to Würzburg where he married Mathilde née Sommer. In 1909 he moved back to the Lohr Preparatory school as a director and began to deal with natural history and music teaching. Here he met Hans Stadler (1875–1962), the engineer Pleikart Stumpf (1888–1946) and Adam Guckenberger (1886–1964). The three were involved in recording bird songs and producing phonographs before World War I. In 1919 Schmitt and Stadler wrote on bird vocalization. The introduced modifications to musical notation to allow animal and non-musical sounds. They also introduced syllabic elements for timbre and removed the musical bar. [1] [2] [3] [4] In 1923 Schmitt moved to the Teacher Training Institute in Würzburg and began to work on photography along with A. Leon and he began to use photographs to illustrate his books. He was influenced by the philosophy of Berthold Otto and his approach to education was the concept of wholeness or holistic perception. He also began to deliver radio talks on biology. Schmitt saw nature as a part of his teaching method and conducted excursions for teaching. He published several books including "Wege zur Naturliebe" (Pathways to Nature Appreciation); "Lebenskampf und Anpassung der Pflanze – 300 Versuche und Beobachtungen" (Struggle for Life and Adaptation of Plants - 300 Experiments and Observations); and "Lebensgemeinschaften der deutschen Heimat" (Life Communities of the German Homeland). Schmitt did not embrace the Nazi ideology and retired in 1936. He returned to teaching in 1944. Two of his sons died in the war and his home was destroyed in 1945. He continued to write books dealing with education in nature such as "Biologie in der Arbeitsschule – Ausschnitte aus der Lebensarbeit eines alten Schulmeisters" (Biology in the Work School - Excerpts from the Life's Work of an Old Schoolmaster) and "Der Teich und sein Leben" (The Pond and Its Life). [5] [6] [7]
Claude Marie Jules Bourcier was a French naturalist and expert on hummingbirds.
Lohr am Main is a town in the Main-Spessart district in the Regierungsbezirk of Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) in Bavaria, Germany and the seat of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft of Lohr am Main. It has a population of around 15,000.
Hans Christian Johansen was a Danish-Russian professor of zoology, first at Tomsk State University, later at the University of Copenhagen.
Johannes Thienemann was a German ornithologist and pastor who established the Rossitten Bird Observatory, the world's first dedicated bird ringing station where he conducted research and popularized bird study.
Hans Julius Duncker was a German ornithologist, geneticist and eugenicist. Among his attempts in bird genetics was to produce a red canary by transfer of the red plumage gene from a red siskin.
Otto Schmeil was a German zoologist, botanist and educator. He is remembered for his reform efforts in regards to biology education; as a zoologist, he specialized in research of copepods and promoted the idea of "living communities" in nature.
Wictor Godlewski was a Polish nobleman, explorer, and naturalist. After spending time in Siberian labour camps following his participation in the January Uprising, he began to study the natural history of the Siberian region. Many species of birds and other animals are named after him including Godlewski's bunting.
Sergey Ivanovich Snigirewski was a Russian and Soviet ornithologist who was interested in the management of game birds for hunting, zoogeography, and ecology. He was a student of Pyotr Petrovich Sushkin and was a founder of the Bashkir hunters commission.
Count Otto Eduard von Zedlitz und Trützschler was a German nobleman, naturalist, explorer and writer. He settled in to Tofhult, Sweden after World War I.
Hans Löhrl was a German ornithologist and ethologist who conducted studies on bird behaviour, life-history, the imprinting of natal habitat, and wrote several popular books on bird life.
Jean Guillaume Charles Eugène Rey was a German chemist, entomologist and ornithologist. He took a special interest in the eggs of birds, particularly those of parasitic cuckoos which bore a resemblance to the eggs of their hosts. He wrote a book on the cuckoos in 1892.
Friedrich Kutter was a German physician, and ornithologist who was among the early adopters of evolutionary thinking in oology, the study of birds' eggs. He served as a president of the German Ornithological Society in 1890-1891.
Joachim Rohweder was a German teacher, ornithologist and bird conservationist. He wrote one of the earliest comprehensive works on the birds of the Schleswig-Holstein region.
Mateusz Cygański was a naturalist who wrote a book on bird hunting, Myślistwo ptasze, in Polish in 1584 at Krakow, revealing the nature of the land, the status of birds and the methods used in bird hunting in the period. It is among the earliest printed book in Poland and the earliest known Polish work on falconry.
Richard Karl Wilhelm von König-Warthausen also given as (Freiherr/Baron) Richard König von und zu Warthausen was a German nobleman and ornithologist. His collections of eggs and birds were transferred to the museum of natural history in Stuttgart in 1955.
Otto le Roi was a German naturalist of French ancestry. He worked at the Koenig Museum specializing mainly on birds but also took an interest in the Odonata, amphibia, and molluscs. He was killed on the Carpathian Front.
Alwin Voigt was a German ornithologist and a popularizer of bird study. He promoted the study of bird vocalization and in 1894 he adapted musical notation for a concise description of bird calls with dots and lines indicating timing and frequency. Line thickness was used to depict volume.
Hans Stadler was a German physician and naturalist. He had absolute pitch and took a keen interest in the study and description of bird calls and a wrote a book, Die Vogelsprache (1919), on the subject in collaboration with Cornel Schmitt. Along with Schmitt he made bird recordings in the field before 1914.
Ernst Karl Reich was a German businessman and aviculturist who maintained nightingales and canaries at his aviary in Bremen. Along with Hans Duncker he carried out breeding experiments on canaries. In 1910 the first commercial gramophone records of bird songs included the songs of nightingales from his aviary. He was able to get a nightingale to perch and sing right into the horn of the early recording equipment.
Friedrich Christian Steinbacher was a German mathematician, high-school teacher, natural scientist and ornithologist. He helped Ernst Hartert produce a comprehensive work on the palearctic bird fauna, Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna and continued to edit it after Hartert's death from 1933 to 1938. He was the father of Georg and uncle of Joachim Steinbacher who also became ornithologists.