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A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship. Lichens are important actors in nutrient cycling and act as producers which many higher trophic feeders feed on, such as reindeer, gastropods, nematodes, mites, and springtails. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not plants. They may have tiny, leafless branches (fruticose); flat leaf-like structures (foliose); grow crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface (substrate) like a thick coat of paint (crustose); have a powder-like appearance (leprose); or other growth forms.
Oakmoss is a species of lichen. It can be found in many mountainous temperate forests throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Oakmoss grows primarily on the trunk and branches of oak trees, but is also commonly found on the bark of other deciduous trees and conifers such as fir and pine. The thalli of oakmoss are short and bushy, and grow together on bark to form large clumps. Oakmoss thallus is flat and strap-like. They are also highly branched, resembling the form of antlers. The colour of oakmoss ranges from green to a greenish-white when dry, and dark olive-green to yellow-green when wet. The texture of the thalli is rough when dry and rubbery when wet. It is used extensively in modern perfumery.
Pseudevernia furfuracea, commonly known as tree moss, is a lichenized species of fungus that grows on the bark of firs and pines. The lichen is rather sensitive to air pollution, its presence usually indicating good air conditions in the growing place. The species has numerous human uses, including use in perfume, embalming and in medicine. Large amounts of tree moss is annually processed in France for the perfume industry.
A saxicolous lichen is a lichen that grows on rock. The prefix "sax" from the Latin saxum means "rock" or "stone".
A lignocolous lichen is a lichen that grows on wood that has the bark stripped from it. This is to be compared to a corticolous lichen that grows on bark, and saxicolous lichens that grow on rock.
Graphis crebra is a species of corticolous lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It has a pantropical distribution. Like other script lichens, it grows on bark and resembles calligraphy. It can be distinguished from several other similar species by the white pruina (powder) on its apothecial discs.
Vulpicida pinastri is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. The lichen has a greenish-yellow thallus and dorsiventral lobes. It grows on conifers and Betula in North America and Eurasia. It is the only sorediate species in the genus and is distinguished by the bright-yellow marginal soralia. The lichen, originally described by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772, was transferred to the newly circumscribed genus Vulpicida by Jan-Eric Mattson and Ming-Jou Lai in 1993.
Punctelia ulophylla is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe, where it grows on the bark of a variety of trees.
Stereocaulon alpinum is a species of fungus belonging to the family Stereocaulaceae. It is similar to Stereocaulon paschale but differs from it in containing cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc while S. paschale contains cyanobacteria of the genus Stigonema, which have a darker colour than Nostoc.
Chrysothrix flavovirens is a species of crustose and corticolous (bark-dwelling) lichen in the family Chrysotrichaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1994 by Tor Tønsberg as the sorediate counterpart of the common and widespread Chrysothrix candelaris. The type specimen was collected from Kirkeøy, Norway, where it was found growing on Picea abies. It has a pale greenish-yellow thallus that contains rhizocarpic acid. The lichen is widespread in Europe, and has also been recorded from Japan and North America. In the Atlantic and Mediterranean biogeographic regions of Portugal, it prefers to grow on the acidic bark of coastal conifer trees.
Allographa uruguayensis is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Uruguay, it was formally described as a new species in 2018 by lichenologist Robert Lücking. He had previously informally introduced the species as Graphis uruguayensis in a 2009 publication, but without a proper description. The type specimen was collected in 1968 by Henry Imshaug in Parque Franklin Delano Roosevelt, near Montevideo; here it was found in a planted grove containing Pinus and Eucalyptus. The lichen has a pale yellow-grey thallus, measuring 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) across and 50–70 μm thick, which lacks a prothallus. The ascospores, which number 6 to 8 per ascus, are thick-walled, oblong with between 11 and 17 septa, and measure 45–70 by 6–8 μm. Allographa elongata is somewhat similar in morphology, but is distinguished by differences in the structure of the lirellae, and in ascospore width.
Candelaria pacifica is a widely distributed corticolous (bark-dwelling), leprose lichen. It was formally described as a species in 2011.
Cercidospora thamnoliicola is a species of lichenicolous fungus in the genus Cercidospora but it has not been assigned to a family. It is known to parasitise the lichen Thamnolia vermicularis in Iceland but it is rare there. The species was first formally described by mycologist Per G. Ihlen in 1995, from specimens growing on Thamnolia vermicularis in Norway.
Stereocaulon glareosum is a species of snow lichen belonging to the family Stereocaulaceae.
Parvoplaca nigroblastidiata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in Europe and Alaska, it was formally described as a new species in 2015 by Ulf Arup, Jan Vondrák, and Mehmet Halıcı. The type specimen was collected in the Nyhem Parish, Jämtland (Sweden), where it was growing on the bark of Populus tremula. In Turkey, it has been recorded at high altitudes on the bark of Juniperus excelsa and Abies cilicica, while in a single record from Alaska it is growing on Populus. In 2018 it was reported from the sacred groves of Epirus in Greece, and in 2020 from Norway.
Graphis khaoyaiensis is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found only in a specific region in Thailand, it closely resembles Graphis dichotoma but can be distinguished by its smaller ascospores and the absence of radiately branched lirellae.
Fissurina elixii is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It is found in New South Wales and Tasmania in Australia.
Allographa anguilliradians is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. It has been found in Trinidad and Tobago and Central-West Brazil. Its thallus covers an area of 3 to 7 cm in diameter with a slim profile and a variable surface texture, with a distinct metallic pale grey-olive colour without a prothallus. Its reproductive structures, known as lirellae, form a star-like pattern with black, carbonised outer layers and clear, colourless hymenium, while its ascospores are oblong and segmented, reacting violet-blue to iodine-based stains.
Graphis stipitata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the lichenologist Alan W. Archer. The type specimen was collected near Yungaburra Road in Queensland at an elevation of 850 m (2,790 ft), where it was found growing on the bark of Casuarina. The species epithet stipitata alludes to the numerous and crowded lirellae that are characteristic of this species. The lichen contains three secondary metabolites : lichexanthone as a major metabolite, norstictic acid as a minor component, and trace amounts of connorstictic acid.
Fissurina paradoxica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) script lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2001 by the lichenologist Alan W. Archer, who initially classified it in the genus Graphis. The type specimen was collected in the Buckenbowra River estuary in New South Wales, where it was found growing on the bark of a tree along a tidal creek. The species epithet paradoxica alludes to the unexpected presence of 2-methylpsoromic acid, which, at the time of publication, was the only species in genus Graphis known to contains this lichen product. Archer transferred the taxon to the genus Fissurina in 2005.
References
- ↑ Alan Silverside's Lichen Glossary (a-f), Alan Silverside,
- ↑ Shukla, V.; Upreti, D.K.; Bajpai, R. (2013). Lichens to Biomonitor the Environment. Springer India. p. 65. ISBN 978-81-322-1503-5 . Retrieved 20 April 2019.
- ↑ Alan Silverside's Lichen Glossary (g-o), Alan Silverside,
- ↑ Alan Silverside's Lichen Glossary (p-z), Alan Silverside,
- ↑ Lücking, Robert; Archer, Alan W.; Aptroot, André (2009). "A world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: Graphidaceae)". The Lichenologist. 41 (4): 363–452. doi:10.1017/S0024282909008305. S2CID 85421300.
- ↑ Otte, Volker; Esslinger, Theodore L.; Litterski, Birgit (2005). "Global distribution of the European species of the lichen genus Melanelia Essl". Journal of Biogeography. 32 (7): 1221–1241. Bibcode:2005JBiog..32.1221O. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01268.x .
- ↑ Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History] (1996). Válisti 1: Plöntur. (in Icelandic) Reykjavík: Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands.
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