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The Qing dynasty,officially the Great Qing,was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history. The dynasty,proclaimed in Shenyang in 1636,seized control of Beijing in 1644,which is considered the start of the dynasty's rule. The dynasty lasted until 1912,when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In Chinese historiography,the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty assembled the territorial base for modern China. It was the largest imperial dynasty in the history of China and in 1790 the fourth-largest empire in world history in terms of territorial size. With over 426 million citizens in 1907,it was the most populous country in the world at the time.
The Chinese Dragon,also known as the loong,long or lung,is a legendary creature in Chinese mythology,Chinese folklore,and Chinese culture at large. Chinese dragons have many animal-like forms such as turtles and fish,but are most commonly depicted as snake-like with four legs. Academicians have identified four reliable theories on the origin of the Chinese dragon:snakes,Chinese alligators,thunder worship and nature worship. They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers,particularly control over water.
The Forbidden City is a palace complex in Dongcheng District,Beijing,China,at the center of the Imperial City of Beijing. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the 22 ha (54-acre) Zhongshan Park,the sacrificial Imperial Ancestral Temple,the 69 ha (171-acre) Beihai Park,and the 23 ha (57-acre) Jingshan Park. It is officially administered by the Palace Museum.
The nine-rank system,also known as the nine-grade controller system,was used to categorize and classify government officials in Imperial China. Created in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms,it was used until the Song dynasty,and similar ranking systems were also present in the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty.
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is the designation under which the UNESCO has included several tombs and burial complexes in the list of World Heritage Sites. These tombs date from the Ming and Qing dynasties of China.
The Lifan Yuan was an agency in the government of the Qing dynasty of China which administered the empire's Inner Asian territories such as Mongolia and oversaw the appointments of Ambans in Tibet. Until the 1860s,it was also responsible for the Qing's relations with the Russian Empire.
Transitional porcelain is Jingdezhen porcelain,manufactured at China's principle ceramic production area,in the years during and after the transition from Ming to Qing. As with several previous changes of dynasty in China,this was a protracted and painful period of civil war. Though the start date of Qing rule is customarily given as 1644,when the last Ming emperor hanged himself as the capital fell,the war had really begun in 1618 and Ming resistance continued until 1683. During this period,the Ming system of large-scale manufacturing in the imperial porcelain factories,with orders and payments coming mainly from the imperial court,finally collapsed,and the officials in charge had to turn themselves from obedient civil servants into businessmen,seeking private customers,including foreign trading companies from Europe,Japanese merchants,and new domestic customers.
The Eastern Qing tombs are an imperial mausoleum complex of the Qing dynasty located in Zunhua,125 kilometres (78 mi) northeast of Beijing. They are the largest,most complete,and best preserved extant mausoleum complex in China. Altogether,five emperors,15 empresses,136 imperial concubines,three princes,and two princesses of the Qing dynasty are buried here. Surrounded by Changrui Mountain,Jinxing Mountain,Huanghua Mountain,and Yingfei Daoyang Mountain,the tomb complex stretches over a total area of 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi).
The flag of the Qing dynasty was an emblem adopted in the late 19th century featuring the Azure Dragon on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl in the upper left corner. It became the first national flag of China and is usually referred to as the "Yellow Dragon Flag".
Dragon robes,also known as gunlongpao or longpao for short,is a form of everyday clothing which had a Chinese dragon,called long (龍),as the main decoration;it was worn by the emperors of China. Dragon robes were also adopted by the rulers of neighbouring countries,such as Korea,Vietnam,and the Ryukyu Kingdom.
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Taiye Lake or Taiye Pond was an artificial lake in imperial City,Beijing,during the Jin,Yuan,Ming,and Qing dynasties of China. The beauty and utility of the lake was responsible for the siting of Kublai Khan's palace and the position of modern Beijing. It continues to exist but it is now known separately as the North,Central,and South Seas,the three interconnected lakes just west of the Forbidden City in downtown Beijing. The northern lake makes up the public Beihai Park while the southern two are grouped together as Zhongnanhai,the headquarters for the Communist leadership of the People's Republic of China.
The imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty was an annual rite of the emperors of China during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). It was first organized in 1681 by the Kangxi Emperor at the imperial hunting grounds at Mulan (modern-day Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County,near what would become the summer residence of the Qing emperors at Chengde. Starting in 1683 the event was held annually at Mulan during the autumn,lasting up to a month. The Qing dynasty hunt was a synthesis of earlier Chinese and Inner Asian hunting traditions,particularly those of the Manchus and Mongols. The emperor himself participated in the hunt,along with thousands of soldiers,imperial family members,and government officials.
The Nine Courts were nine service agencies in Imperial China that existed from the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) to the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Headed by the Nine Chamberlains,the offices were subordinate to the Three Departments and Six Ministries. They were mostly ceremonial in nature and held a fair amount of power. During the Ming dynasty,the heads of the nine court transitioned away from referring to the nine courts,but to the Six Ministries,the Censorate,the Office of Transmission,and the Grand Court of Revision. The number of courts was not always nine throughout history.
The Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet was a position created on 8 May 1911 during the late Qing dynasty,as part of the imperial government's unsuccessful attempts at creating a constitutional monarchy in China.
The Court of the Imperial Stud,also known as the Court of the Imperial Stables,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of managing state horse pasturage,stables and corrals,as well as maintaining the vehicles for use by the imperial household and members of the central government. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Imperial Entertainments,also known as the Court of the Imperial Banquets,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese and Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of catering for the imperial household,central government officials,and imperial banquets honoring foreign envoys and other dignitaries. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was created by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Court of Judicature and Revision,also known as the Court of Judicial Review,was a central government agency in several imperial Chinese. From the Chinese,the system was also studied and implemented by Vietnamese dynasties. It was generally in charge of reviewing judicial proceedings at all administrative levels and singling out the cases for a retrial by court officials or the emperor himself. In China,the office was created during the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577) and continued until the Qing dynasty (1644–1912). In Vietnam,it was adopted by LêThánh Tông in 1466,and continued until the Nguyễn dynasty.
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between the Han and Manchus with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties,the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions,each having nine grades or ranks,each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from an attendant to the emperor or a grand secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector,deputy jail warden,deputy police commissioner,or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant,corporal or a first or second class private.
Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing refers to any form of Chinese auspicious ornaments,which are used to decorate various forms of Chinese textile and clothing,fashion accessories,and footwear in China since the ancient times. Chinese auspicious ornaments form part of Chinese culture and hold symbolic meanings. In ancient China,auspicious ornaments were often either embroidered or woven into textile and clothing. They are also used on religious and ritual clothing and in Xifu,Chinese opera costumes. Auspicious symbols and motifs continue to be used in present day China in industries,such as home textiles and clothing;they are also used in modern design packaging and interior design. Some of these Chinese auspicious ornaments were also culturally appropriated by European countries during the era of Chinoiserie,where they became decorative patterns on fashionable chinoiserie fashion and textiles.
References
- Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 476.
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