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Creation myth of Baekje is the creation story of Baekje dynasty about Onjo, the first king of the Baejke Dynasty, and Biryu, his elder brother. [1] They were the princes of the Buyeo dynasty, but were not a crown prince. Thus they left Buyeo to establish their own country. Finally, Onjo founded Baekje dynasty.
It is said that the Baekje dynasty was founded in the B.C. 18, the place of its founding varies from Daebanghyeon to Hanam Wiryeseong. The founder of Baekje is Onjo (온조, 溫祚) or Biryu (비류, 沸流). The first record of the founder of Baekje is Samguk Sagi (History of the Three Kingdoms) by Gim Bu-sik. The 'Baekje Bongi' of the "Samguk Sagi", The "Samguk Yusa" (삼국유사, 三國遺事) and The "Haedong Goseungjeon" (해동고승전, 海東高僧傳) mention the founder of Baekje as Onjo or Biryu. The 'Jiriji' (Geography) of the "Samguk Sagi", history books in China, or The Shoku Nihongi (續日本紀) mention Dongmyeong (동명, 東明), Wutae (우태, 優太), Gutae (구태, 仇太), and Domo (도모, 都慕). [2]
According to the inaugural year of King Onjo's accession in The 'Baekje Bongi' 1 of the "Samguk Sagi" Volume 23, Onjo's father was Chumo (추모, 鄒牟) or Jumong (주몽, 朱蒙), who came from Bukbuyeo to Jolbonbuyeo and married the second daughter of King of Buyeo. After the death of the king of Buyeo, Jumong succeeded to the throne. At this time, he gave birth to two sons, the first being Biryu and the second Onjo. However, when the son Jumong gave birth to when he was in Bukbuyeo came and became the crown prince, Onjo and Biryu left south with ten servants including Ogan (오간, 烏干) and Maryeo (마려, 馬黎) to Hansan (한산, 漢山). They set up the capital at Hanam Wiyreseong (하남위례성, 河南慰禮城). and named the country Sipje (십제, 十濟). This was the third year of Hongjia (홍가, zh:鸿嘉), Emperor of Cheng of the Former Han Dynasty, which is B.C. 18. [2]
Biryu did not follow the advice of the Ten Gods (십신) and went to live in Michuhol (미추홀, 彌鄒忽), but since the land in Michuhol was damp and the water was salty, he returned to Wiryeseong and died. After that, Onjo named the country Baekje because the people followed him happily every day. The lineage came from Buyeo like Goguryeo, so the surname was taken as Buyeo. According to the recorded Biryu story, King Biryu, the founder of Baekje, had his father Utaero Bukbuyeo, a child of a concubine of Haeburu (해부루, 解扶婁), and his mother Soseono (소서노, 召西奴), the daughter of Yeontabal (연타발, 延陁勃), a Jolbon person. [2]
Soseono first married Wutae and gave birth to Biryu and Onjo. After Wutae's death, Soseono assisted Jumong from Bubuyeo in establishing Goguryeo in Jolbon. Accordingly, Jumong made Soseono his wife and treated him with special hospitality, and treated Biryu and Onjo as if they were her own sons. Upon the arrival of his son Yuryu (유류, 孺留), born in Buyeo, Jumong made him the crown prince to succeed to the throne. In response, Biryu, along with his younger brother Onjo, took his mother and crossed Paesu and Daesu to live in Michuhol. On the other hand, according to Buksa and Suseo, Gongsun Du, the governor of Liaodong of the Han Dynasty, made Gutae, a descendant of Dongmyeong, who had a strong sense of dignity and trust, take his daughter as his wife. It is said that Biryu-guk became a powerful country in Dong-i. [2]
Baekje's founding myth is presumed to have changed whenever the capital was moved. Here, Onjo and Biryu are not the main characters of the founding myth, but only as the founders of the country. And in the Hanseong Baekje era, when the Onjo faction seized power, it borrowed 'The Myth of King Dongmyeong' of Buyeo, which is somewhat different from the myth of Jumong of Goguryeo. When the capital was moved to Ungjin, it seems that the Biryu line took over the government and borrowed the descendant line's founding myths such as 'The Legend of Gomnaru' and the Biryu story in the Gongju region. [2]
The meaning of the word 'Biryu' is unknown, but Goguryeo Songyangguk (松讓國) is also called Biryuguk, and the name of the river is also called Biryusu. Gakhun(覺訓)'s "Haedong Goseungjeon" describes Biryu as 'Piryu' (피류, 避流) and Onjo as 'Eunjo' (은조, 殷祚). [3]
Goguryeo also called Goryeo, was a Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula and the southern and central parts of Northeast China. At its peak of power, Goguryeo controlled most of the Korean Peninsula, large parts of Manchuria and parts of eastern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.
Samguk Sagi is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The Samguk Sagi is written in Classical Chinese, the written language of the literati of ancient Korea, and its compilation was ordered by King Injong of Goryeo and undertaken by the government official and historian Kim Busik and a team of junior scholars. Completed in 1145, it is well known in Korea as the oldest surviving chronicle of Korean history. The document has been digitized by the National Institute of Korean History and is available online with Modern Korean translation in Hangul and original text in Classical Chinese.
Baekje or Paekche was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BC to 660 AD. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla.
Buyeo or Puyŏ, also rendered as Fuyu, was an ancient kingdom that was centered in northern Manchuria in modern-day northeast China. It is sometimes considered a Korean kingdom, and had ties to the Yemaek people, who are considered to be the ancestors of modern Koreans. Buyeo is a major predecessor of the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje.
Onjo was the founding monarch of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. According to the Samguk Sagi, he founded the royal family of Baekje.
Wiryeseong was the name of two early capitals of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Both are believed to have been in the modern-day Seoul area. According to Samguk Sagi, Onjo, the son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong, founded the nation of Sipje on Wiryeseong in 18 BC, while his elder brother Biryu established himself in Michuhol further to the west. The location of Michuhol is usually believed to be present-day Incheon.
Gusu of Baekje was the sixth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Chaekgye of Baekje was the ninth king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Biryu of Baekje was the eleventh king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Chumo, posthumously Chumo the Holy, was the founding monarch of the kingdom of Goguryeo, and was worshipped as a god-king by the people of Goguryeo and Goryeo. Chumo was originally a Buyeo slang for an excellent archer, which became his name later. He was commonly recorded as Jumong by various Chinese literatures including history books written by Northern Qi and Tang—the name became dominant in future writings including Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa. Chumo's title was changed to Dongmyeong the Holy, literally translated to the Bright Holy King of the East, at some point of time prior to compilation of Samguk Sagi (1145). His other names include Chumong, Jungmo, Nakamu, or Tomo. In Samguk Sagi, he was recorded as Jumong with the surname Go, and was also known as Junghae or Sanghae.
Hae Mo-su was the founder of Buyeo. According to the Samguk Sagi, Hae Mo-su was the father of Goguryeo's founder, Jumong. According to the Samguk Yusa, Hae Mo-su was the son of heaven, riding in a chariot of five dragons, to establish Bukbuyeo.
Munja of Goguryeo or Munjamyeong of Goguryeo was the 21st monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the grandson of Taewang Jangsu (413–491). Though Munja's father Gochudaega Joda had been named Crown Prince by Taewang Jangsu, Joda died before assuming the throne. He is considered as a ruler of Goguryeo at its zenith from Gwanggaeto the Great.
Eastern Buyeo, also rendered as Dongbuyeo or Eastern Fuyu, was an ancient kingdom that developed from Northern Buyeo, until it was conquered by Goguryeo. According to the Samguk Sagi, it was established when the Buyeo king Hae Buru moved the capital eastward by the sea.
Biryu (?-?) was the second son of Jumong and So Seo-no, and older brother of Onjo, the traditionally recognized founder of Baekje (18 BCE–660 CE), which was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In an alternate legend, Biryu himself is described as the founder of Baekje.
Go Royal Family was the dynasty that founded and ruled over the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo. Its founder, Jumong, broke away from another ancient Korean kingdom called Dongbuyeo to start his own kingdom. The Taewangs were all members of the Go Royal Family.
Soseono or Yeon Soseono was the second wife of King Dongmyeong and a key figure in the establishment of both Goguryeo and Baekje. She was the mother of Biryu and Onjo, whom they were her sons from her first marriage with Wutae.
The King of Legend is a 2010 South Korean historical drama based on King Geunchogo of Baekje. Besides historical information from Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, it was also inspired by a novel written by Lee Munyeol, a renowned Korean writer. The drama aired on KBS1 in Korea, and internationally through KBS World.
Wutae, is a figure in the founding legends of the kingdom of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was an illegitimate son or grandchild of the King of Dongbuyeo, Hae Buru (解夫婁).
The Hae clan (解氏) was a powerful noble clan of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.