Cure Violence

Last updated
Cure Violence Global
PredecessorCeaseFire Chicago
Founded2000
FounderGary Slutkin
Type NGO
PurposeTo reduce violence globally using disease control and behavior change methods
Headquarters Chicago, Illinois
Location
  • Global
Area served
US/international
Method
  • Violence interruption
  • Outreach work
  • Community building
Executive Director
Monique Williams, PhD
Key people
  • Brent Decker, chief program officer
  • Charles Ransford, director of science and policy
Website cvg.org

Cure Violence is a public health approach to violence prevention and reduction. It aims to stop the spread of violence in communities by using the methods and strategies associated with epidemic disease control: detecting and interrupting conflicts, identifying and treating the highest risk individuals, and changing social norms.

Contents

History

Cure Violence has its roots in a 1999 organizing effort which included religious leaders, law enforcement officials, and academics. [1] In particular, epidemiologist Gary Slutkin, who was directing the Chicago Project for Violence Prevention at the University of Illinois, promoted a plan to prevent violence based on the previously successful Operation Ceasefire. Cardinal Francis George and Police Superintendent Terry Hillard supported the effort and a formed a formal coalition at the end of that year. [1] [2] In early 2000, they took their first major public action by setting up cease-fire zones throughout the city. Within these zones, participants agreed to a rapid response to shooting incidents to spread grassroots messages against gun violence, in addition to the traditional law enforcement investigation. [3] Soon thereafter[ when? ] they took on the name CeaseFire Chicago.

The program grew over the next 7 years. They received funding from a variety of sources including the government, private foundations, and community foundations. [4] They originally restricted their work to specific high-risk Chicago neighborhoods which contained pre-existing activist communities, but expanded to other neighborhoods starting in 2003. [4] Local police facilitated their work by giving them access to data such as crime trends in weekly meetings. [5] In the following year, Illinois quintupled their funding for the organization, facilitating work in five Illinois cities (including Chicago). [6] Then-First Lady Laura Bush visited CeaseFire headquarters in 2005 and praised their achievements. [7] [8] In 2006, a state grant helped the organization spread to Decatur. [9] They worked with local community members and planned their work through four lenses: monthly planning, policy establishment and client advocacy, promotional activities, and coordination with religious leaders. [10] In 2007, a similar program was started in Kansas City [11] with training from CeaseFire workers. [12] In the same year Baltimore also started a program which was said to be inspired by CeaseFire. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]

CeaseFire was reorganized and changed its name to Cure Violence in September 2012. [18] Cure Violence now refers to the larger organization and overall health approach, while local program partner sites often operate under other names. In December 2015, Cure Violence has 23 cities implementing the Cure Violence health approach in over 50 sites in the U.S. International program partner sites are operating in Trinidad, Honduras, Mexico, South Africa, Canada and Colombia. [19]

Model

Cure Violence, as the name implies, draws an analogy between the way diseases are transmitted between individuals and the way that violence spreads through communities. Their work can be compared to the work that antibiotics or vaccinations do in preventing a disease from damaging its host and spreading to others. As Gary Slutkin (the founder of Cure Violence) told the Chicago Tribune , [20]

Violence follows usual epidemiological patterns, when you look at charts, graphs and maps, it follows exactly like all epidemics. You can think of an epidemic of a flu or tuberculosis, where there are very few cases, then there are more and more. Violence has a contagious nature. The requirement for intervention becomes obvious, you have to interact with the people who have been infected.

Cure Violence identifies metaphorically infected individuals by assessing whether they meet certain conditions, such as being a prominent member of a gang or being a recent victim of violence. [21] If a worker suspects that their client is going to commit violence soon, they will try to talk them out of it in a practice known as violence interruption. Additionally, they will keep in touch with their clients in order to gather information and help guide them towards more constructive activities, referred to as outreach work. Finally, the organization as a whole uses community and group norm change to build a strong culture of anti-violence. [note 1]

Violence interruption

Violence interruption is an immediate response to imminent violence; people who perform this work are referred to as interrupters. They work with their clients to find peaceful alternatives to potentially violent situations. [22] [23] [24] The way they approach this is personalized to the client and the situation. For example, if they are facing cyclical gang violence then the worker might talk to their client about the perpetual harm this causes and attempt to broker peace through talks. [25]

In either case, Cure Violence emphasizes that the interrupter should be seen as a credible messenger by the client. [26] In the case of cyclical gang violence, they employ workers with a history of violence, with an emphasis on former gang members, so that they can genuinely relate to the clients they work with. [22] [27] [28] In either case, they avoid acting as informants or agents of law enforcement, as they claim that this would undermine the goal of being a credible messenger. [22] [29] [30] [26] [31] They also try to employ interrupters who live in the area that they work in order to facilitate organic information gathering and obtain a natural path for approaching potential clients. [23] [26]

Workers will also sometimes reach out to potential victims in order to give them advice on how to stay safe and connect them with third-party resources that specialize in helping victims. [23]

Some people are critical of the violence interruption approach due to the way that it medicalizes the problem. Malte Riemann, a professor of international relations, cautioned that the model displays a neoliberal logic that runs the risk of 'replacing political solutions with medical diagnosis and treatment models'. [32] This has depoliticizing effects as 'violence becomes disentangled from socio-economic inequalities and explained by reference to individual pathology alone'. [32] The possible limitations of the model's extension to conflict resolution have also been discussed, especially the 'risk of undermining the establishment of positive peace in a post-conflict environment'. [33] A similar sentiment was expressed by the director of Aim4Peace, an implementing site in Kansas City. She noted that preventing violence on a case-by-case basis could only go so far, and creating a culture of peace requires building positive lifestyles. [34]

Some people, particularly law enforcement officials, criticize the credible messenger aspect because it means that the people employed by Cure Violence are frequently convicted offenders. Preceding a collaborative agreement between Cure Violence and the Chicago Police Department, then-superintendent Garry McCarthy told WBEZ that he disliked their methods because Cure Violence workers "tell people, 'Well, don't talk to the police. We understand you can't trust the police, but look at us, you can trust us'—they're undercutting that legitimacy that we're trying to create in the community". [35] The executive director of Cure Violence, Tio Hardiman, responded to this by stating that their workers do not actively discourage people from reporting or otherwise cooperating with police. However, he did acknowledge that some tension exists when he told WBEZ that "[I]f the young guys that we work with feel that we're ... being informants, or whatever, there's a chance some of our staff will lose their lives." [36]

Outreach work

Outreach workers (who are often the same people as interrupters [21] ) help clients find jobs, educational opportunities, or social services. [22] [21] [31] When working with gang members who typically restrict themselves to a certain territory, outreach workers will invite them to events outside of their territory in order to expand their horizons. [21] Workers also help clients avoid parole violations; additionally, workers advocate for leniency in sentencing if the client has been actively engaged with the outreach worker. [21]

Community and group norm change

Cure Violence organizes community activities and distributes educational material, which they claim shifts the norms towards non-violence. After a public shooting, they might organize a march against violence [37] or a vigil for the deceased. [38] [39] When relevant, they might invite the people they are working with to the vigils under the belief that witnessing the effects of shootings will make them less likely to commit violence in the future. [21] Additionally, when the clients are people who are connected to a recent victim, workers believe that attending a respectful funeral can give their clients a healthy outlet for their grief, distracting them from thoughts of revenge. [40]

Community norm change can go beyond publicly visible events. In Baltimore, workers claim to have negotiated a long-lasting peace treaty between rival groups. Additionally, they persuaded gang members to avoid wearing flags advertising their gang affiliations. [17] Their goal is to build a culture of non-violence even within organizations that are otherwise engaged in criminal activity.

Funding

Cure Violence has received funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, [41] the MacArthur Foundation, [42] and the United States Department of Justice. [43] [44] [note 2]

20072008 Illinois budget cuts & restoration

Funding for CeaseFire Chicago was uncertain in the beginning of 2007. Governor Blagojevich proposed a budget which did not include specific funding for CeaseFire. Some proponents believed this would not be an issue, as funding had historically been allocated by the legislature rather than the executive. [45] However, when the legislature tried to allocate specific funding to the organization it was vetoed by the Governor. [46] There was an effort to override the veto but it ultimately failed. [47] This led to CeaseFire operations shutting down in some areas such as Decatur. [48] Other cities were able to sustain their programs through other sources. For example, CeaseFire received $400,000 of grant money from Cicero [49] [50] and basketball star Dwyane Wade included CeaseFire in the list of organizations to benefit from his "Young, Fly, and Flashy" fundraising events. [51] [52]

In June 2008 the state legislature approved a budget with an additional $6.25 million for CeaseFire, [53] but the governor indicated that he was still opposed to the funding [54] and eventually vetoed it. [55] After the governor was removed from office due to unrelated corruption charges [note 3] the legislature restored funding. [56] The renewed funding allowed CeaseFire to resume operation in Decatur. [57]

2012 health department grant with police oversight

In 2012, the Chicago Department of Health granted CeaseFire $1 million with a stipulation that their results are monitored by the Chicago Police Department. The grant was intended to fund an expansion to two Chicago neighborhoods which had high levels of violence, and the police used their CompStat system to monitor results. [58] [59]

There were tensions between CeaseFire and the police from the beginning. The Fraternal Order of Police criticized the move, stating that the money should have been invested into the police department directly instead of a partner organization. [60] Additionally, then-Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy criticized CeaseFire for working with convicted felons and claimed that CeaseFire undermines the police's effort to build trust with communities. [30] [61] On the other hand, CeaseFire workers required a guarantee that the police would not expect them to become informants. [29] [30]

In July 2012, CeaseFire intervened to prevent retaliation for the shooting of Tishona Turner and Nakia Polk. This was reported as the first major incident under this grant, [62] although the shooting did not take place in either of the new districts. [63] [64] CeaseFire intervened after Jermaine Louis' family asked them to help; they claimed that he was in danger of retaliatory violence and were not able to protect him (he was also considered a person of interest by the police). [62] CeaseFire convinced him to cooperate with the police, which required undergoing questioning but not admitting guilt and allowed him to stay in a safe house. [63]

A year after the program started, CeaseFire workers claimed that when officers moved pedestrians off of gang-controlled streets, they also demanded that the CeaseFire workers move, preventing them from identifying and preventing imminent conflicts in the areas where they were most likely to occur. [65] The city did not extend funding beyond the original one-year timeline. [66]

Evaluation

Evidence

In May 2008, Professor Wesley G. Skogan, an expert on crime and policing at Northwestern University, completed a three-year, independent, Department of Justice-funded report on CeaseFire, which found that the program successfully reduced shootings and killings by 41% to 73%. [21] Shootings were reduced by up to 28% in four of the seven communities examined in the report. [67]

A three-year evaluation of the Chicago implementation by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2009 found shootings and killings were reduced by 41 percent to 73 percent, shooting hot spots were reduced in size and intensity, and retaliatory murders were eliminated. "A striking finding was how important CeaseFire loomed in their lives", the researchers stated in the report. "Clients noted the importance of being able to reach their outreach worker at critical moments—when they were tempted to resume taking drugs, were involved in illegal activities, or when they felt that violence was imminent." [68] The lead evaluator commented that, "I found the statistical results to be as strong as you could hope for." [69]

In an independent evaluation of the Cure Violence model at the Baltimore partner program site commissioned by the Centers for Disease Control and conducted by Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore's Safe Streets program, the Cure Violence partner site, is credited with reducing shootings and killings by up to 34–56%. Community norm changes occurred, even with non-clients and reductions spread to surrounding communities. [70]

In 2010, the United States Department of Justice contracted with the Center for Court Innovation to evaluate the Cure Violence New York City program partner site, and found the gun violence rate in the program site to be 20% lower than what it would have been had its change mirrored the average change in comparison precincts. [71]

The John Jay College of Criminal Justice was contracted by several funders to conduct an extensive, independent evaluation on the Cure Violence approach in New York City, which found a reduction in violence, a shift in norms, and an improvement in police-community relations. The evaluation found a 37% to 50% reduction in gun injuries in the two communities examined. [72] Additionally, the study found a 14% reduction in attitudes supporting violence (with no change in controls) and an increased confidence in police and increased willingness to contact police. [73] A 2015 report found that the average homicide rate in NYC program neighborhoods fell by 18% while increasing an average 69% in comparison neighborhoods. [74]

An evaluation of the program in Port of Spain, Trinidad, conducted by Arizona State University and funded by the Inter-American Development Bank found a 45% reduction in violent crime in the service area. [75]

Notable endorsements

The Chicago Tribune has published multiple editorials expressing support for the program. [76] [55] [77] [78]

In 2005, then-First Lady Laura Bush visited CeaseFire headquarters in Chicago and praised their achievements. [7] [8]

Daniel Webster, co-director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, advocates for CeaseFire's approach to violent crime, believing the benefits of intercession are many. On CNN.com, Webster said, "Violence is reciprocal. Stopping one homicide through mediation could buy you peace for months down the road." [79]

In 2021, Cure Violence was listed as the 9th top NGO by NGO Advisor (now thedotgood) in its "Top 20 NGO's World" list. [80]

In 2021, the National Gang Center graded Cure Violence model as promising. [81]

Partners

National sites

International sites

Programs influenced by the Cure Violence approach

In the media

Notes

  1. The below sections vary considerably in size; this is based on the topics that the available sources (mostly media outlets) tend to focus on and is not necessarily representative of the proportion of the organization's resources that are directed to each category. No source in this article provides information about resource allocation by activity.
  2. This list is not exhaustive.
  3. see Rod Blagojevich corruption charges,

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rod Blagojevich</span> Governor of Illinois from 2003 to 2009

Rod Blagojevich, often referred to by his nickname "Blago", is an American politician who served as the 40th governor of Illinois from 2003 to 2009. He was impeached, removed from office, convicted, and incarcerated for eight years on federal charges of public corruption. A member of the Democratic Party, Blagojevich previously worked in both the state and federal legislatures. He served as an Illinois state representative from 1993 to 1997, and the U.S. representative from Illinois's 5th district from 1997 to 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chicago Police Department</span> Principal law enforcement agency of Chicago, Illinois, US

The Chicago Police Department (CPD) is the primary law enforcement agency of the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States, under the jurisdiction of the Chicago City Council. It is the second-largest municipal police department in the United States, behind the New York City Police Department. As of 2022 CPD had 11,710 sworn officers on duty, and in 2020 had over 948 other employees. Tracing its roots to 1835, the Chicago Police Department is one of the oldest modern police departments in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humboldt Park, Chicago</span> Community area in Chicago

Humboldt Park, one of 77 designated community areas, is on the West Side of Chicago, Illinois. The Humboldt Park neighborhood is known for its dynamic social and ethnic demographic change over the years. The Puerto Rican community has identified strongly with the area since the 1970s. Humboldt Park is also the name of a 207-acre (0.8 km2) park adjacent to the community area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mike Madigan</span> American politician from Illinois and the Chair of the Illinois Democratic Party

Michael Joseph Madigan is an American politician who is the former speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives. He was the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years from 1983 to 2021. He served in the Illinois House from 1971 to 2021. He represented the 27th District from 1971 to 1983, the 30th district from 1983 to 1993, and the 22nd district from 1993 to 2021. This made him the body's longest-serving member and the last legislator elected before the Cutback Amendment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iris Martinez</span> American politician

Iris Y. Martinez is an American politician and administrator. In 2020, she was elected clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County. She previously served as a member of the Illinois Senate, representing the 20th district from 2003 until becoming clerk. A member of the Democratic Party, she rose to Assistant Majority Leader in the State Senate. As court clerk and as a state senator, she is the first Latina to have held either of those offices.

Operation Ceasefire (also known as the Boston Gun Project and the Boston Miracle) is a problem-oriented policing initiative implemented in 1996 in Boston, Massachusetts. The program was specifically aimed at youth gun violence as a large-scale problem. The plan is based on the work of criminologist David M. Kennedy.

Crime in Chicago has been tracked by the Chicago Police Department's Bureau of Records since the beginning of the 20th century. The city's overall crime rate, especially the violent crime rate, is higher than the US average. Gangs in Chicago have a role in the city's crime rate. The number of homicides in Chicago hit a 25-year high in 2021.

The Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation is a non-governmental organization in the United States, established in 1981 to continue the work of two Presidential Commissions. These commissions were the bipartisan National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, and the bipartisan National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. The Eisenhower Foundation carries forward the objectives and initiatives of these commissions in the private sector.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David H. Hoffman</span> American prosecutor (born 1967)

David H. Hoffman is a former federal prosecutor and was Chicago's inspector general. Hoffman ran for the Illinois seat of the U.S. Senate in 2010 but lost to Alexi Giannoulias in the Democratic primary.

<i>The Interrupters</i> (film) 2011 film by Steve James

The Interrupters is a 2011 documentary film, produced by Kartemquin Films, that tells the story of three violence interrupters who try to protect their Chicago communities from the violence they once employed. It examines a year in which Chicago drew national headlines for violence and murder that plagued the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David M. Kennedy (criminologist)</span> American criminologist (born 1958)

David M. Kennedy is an American criminologist, professor, action researcher, and author specializing in crime prevention among inner city gangs, especially in the prevention of violent acts among street gangs. Kennedy developed the Operation Ceasefire group violence intervention in Boston in the 1990s and the High Point Model drug market intervention in High Point, North Carolina, in 2003, which have proven to reduce violence and eliminate overt drug markets in jurisdictions around the United States. He founded the National Network for Safe Communities in 2009 to support cities using these and related strategies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Police reform in the United States</span> Ongoing political movement in the United States concerning law enforcement

Police reform in the United States is an ongoing political movement that seeks to reform systems of law enforcement throughout the United States. Many goals of the police reform movement center on police accountability. Specific goals may include: lowering the criminal intent standard, limiting or abolishing qualified immunity for law enforcement officers, sensitivity training, conflict prevention and mediation training, updating legal frameworks, and granting administrative subpoena power to the U.S. Department of Justice for "pattern or practice" investigations into police misconduct and police brutality.

The Humboldt Park riot was the second major conflict between Puerto Ricans in Chicago and the Chicago Police Department. The riot began on June 4, 1977, and lasted a day and a half. Following the shooting deaths of two Puerto Rican men, locals battled Chicago police officers in Humboldt Park and in the streets surrounding. The riot led the community to hold the Division Street Puerto Rican Day Parade, which started in 1978.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">After School Matters</span>

After School Matters is a non-profit organization that provides Chicago high school teens with after-school and summer opportunities. It offers project-based after-school and summer programs in the arts, communications and leadership, sports and STEM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1927 Chicago mayoral election</span>

The 1927 Chicago mayoral election was held on April 5, 1927. Democratic incumbent William Emmett Dever was defeated by Republican candidate William Hale Thompson, who had served as mayor from 1915 to 1923. John Dill Robertson, who had been previously allied with the ex-mayor, broke with Thompson to run on his own and received more than five percent of the vote. It remains as of 2023 the last Chicago mayoral election to be won by a candidate who is not a member of the Democratic Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lori Lightfoot</span> 56th mayor of Chicago from 2019 to 2023

Lori Elaine Lightfoot is an American politician and attorney who was the 56th mayor of Chicago from 2019 until 2023. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Before becoming mayor, Lightfoot worked in private legal practice as a partner at Mayer Brown and held various government positions in Chicago. She served as president of the Chicago Police Board and chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force. In 2019, Lightfoot defeated Toni Preckwinkle in a runoff election for Chicago mayor. She ran again in 2023 but failed to qualify for the runoff, becoming the city's first incumbent mayor to not be reelected since Jane Byrne in 1983.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brandon Scott</span> 53rd Mayor of Baltimore

Brandon Maurice Scott is an American politician serving as the mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, since 2020. He was the president of the Baltimore City Council from 2019 to 2020, having been elected to the position to replace Jack Young following Catherine Pugh's resignation, as well as a member of the Baltimore City Council from the second district from 2011 to 2019. A member of the Democratic Party, Scott was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland during the 2018 Maryland gubernatorial election, in which he ran on a ticket with Jim Shea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defund the police</span> Slogan supporting reallocation of public safety funds away from policing

In the United States, "defund the police" is a slogan that supports removing funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources. Activists who use the phrase may do so with varying intentions; some seek modest reductions, while others argue for full divestment as a step toward the abolition of contemporary police services. Activists who support the defunding of police departments often argue that investing in community programs could provide a better crime deterrent for communities; funds would go toward addressing social issues, like poverty, homelessness, and mental disorders. Police abolitionists call for replacing existing police forces with other systems of public safety, like housing, employment, community health, education, and other programs.

A credible messenger program is a social program that employs accepted members of a community to aid and influence others in the community, usually intended to reduce violence. American cities have used this approach to address gang and gun violence in cities, in which community members who share lived experiences with perpetrators of violence work directly with those individuals to change their perspective on violence and provide public programming to change community norms around violence. The groups often patrol areas, similar to beat cops, but without guns or ability to arrest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GoodKids MadCity Englewood</span>

GoodKids MadCity Englewood (GKMC-E) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization based in the Englewood neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It was founded by Chicago youth in 2018 with the aim to be an anti-gun violence group. GKMC-E organizes youth engagement events, community service projects, and conducts workforce development programs.

References

  1. 1 2 Keoun, Bradley; Kloehn, Steve (September 16, 1999). "Clergy, government join to stem violence". Chicago Tribune.
  2. Isackson, Noah (May 17, 2000). ""Time to Cease Fire, Coalition Says"". Chicago Tribune.
  3. Kloehn, Steve (June 3, 2000). "City finds 'cease-fire' making a difference". Chicago Tribune.
  4. 1 2 Morales, Carlos (May 19, 2003). "CeaseFire at war with gunfire". Chicago Tribune.
  5. Los Angeles Daily News (October 4, 2004). "Chicago officials innovative in battling street gang life". Bellevue News-Democrat. p. b4. CeaseFire representatives sit in on weekly meetings where the police command and field staff analyze crime trends and work on suppression strategies [...] there is a high level of trust nonetheless that's developed between them and the police.
  6. Huppke, Rex; Jeffers, Glenn (November 7, 2004). "Outreach Complements Police Efforts". Chicago Tribune via Newspapers.com.
  7. 1 2 Charles, Sheehan (June 3, 2005). "First lady cheers local group that acts to halt gang violence". Chicago Tribune.
  8. 1 2 "Laura Bush focuses on at-risk teens to highlight special youth initiative". The Belleville News-Democrat. Associated Press. p. B4 via Newspapers.com.
  9. Churchill, Theresa (October 18, 2006). "Hopes are high for CeaseFire Faith-Based program to curb gun violence". Herald & Review.
  10. Churchill, Theresa (February 7, 2007). "CeaseFire sets goal for reducing gun violence". Herald & Review.
  11. Rizzo, Tony (August 25, 2007). "KC Goal: Healing a Violent Disorder". The Kansas City Star via Newspapers.com.
  12. Penn, Steve (February 5, 2008). "Aim4Peace Aims to Cut Violence". The Kansas City Star via Newspapers.com.
  13. Fritze, John (April 3, 2007). "Grants Awarded to Battle Violence". The Baltimore Sun via Newspapers.com.
  14. Wen, Leana (June 5, 2015). "We Can Cure Violence". The Baltimore Sun.
  15. Kane, Gregor (July 4, 2007). "Fed Up, Residents Take to Street". The Baltimore Sun via Newspapers.com.
  16. Malik, Alia (August 10, 2007). "Operation Safe Streets to Expand Westward". The Baltimore Sun via Newspapers.com.
  17. 1 2 Fenton, Justin (April 18, 2010). "Safe Streets' Money Spigot Turned Off". The Baltimore Sun via Newspapers.com.
  18. "CeaseFire Changes Its Name to Cure Violence". PR Newswire. Cision. September 13, 2012.
  19. "Where We Work". 3 October 2017.
  20. Huppke, Rex W.; Jeffers, Glenn (November 6, 2004). "Violence, like disease, needs strong antidote". Chicago Tribune.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Skogan, Wesley G.; Hartnett, Susan M.; Bump, Natalie; Dubois, Jill (June 2009). Evaluation of CeaseFire-Chicago (PDF) (Report).
  22. 1 2 3 4 Butts, Jeffrey A.; Roman, Caterina Gouvis; Bostwick, Lindsay; Porter, Jeremy R. (2015). "Cure Violence: A Public Health Model to Reduce Gun Violence". Annual Review of Public Health. 36: 39–53. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122509 . PMID   25581151. S2CID   37399618.
  23. 1 2 3 Mitchell, Chip (January 24, 2011). "Gang Mediators Take On Domestic Violence". WBEZ Chicago.
  24. Carbajal, Erica (October 20, 2017). "A former West Side Chicago gang member now a life-saving community leader". Chicago Tribune.
  25. Huppke, Rex W. (November 15, 2009). "Neighborhoods' deadly feud hits a critical point". Chicago Tribune.
  26. 1 2 3 Whitehill, Jennifer M.; Webster, Daniel W.; Frattaroli, Shannon; Parker, Elizabeth M. (2014-02-01). "Interrupting Violence: How the CeaseFire Program Prevents Imminent Gun Violence through Conflict Mediation". Journal of Urban Health. 91 (1): 84–95. doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9796-9. ISSN   1468-2869. PMC   3907621 . PMID   23440488.
  27. MacGillis, Alec (2023-01-30). "Can Community Programs Help Slow the Rise in Violence?". ProPublica.
  28. Meisner, Jason (April 10, 2018). "Former 'violence interrupter' for CeaseFire handed 27 months in prison for gun offense". Chicago Tribune.
  29. 1 2 Gorner, Jeremy (August 13, 2012). "Delays mark CeaseFire's partnership with city". Chicago Tribune.
  30. 1 2 3 Gorner, Jeremy (June 26, 2012). "Chicago recruits CeaseFire group to help reduce crime". Chicago Tribune.
  31. 1 2 Kiehl, Stephen (February 11, 2008). "Paving 'Safe Streets'". The Baltimore Sun via Newspapers.com.
  32. 1 2 Riemann, Malte (2019-03-15). "Problematizing the medicalization of violence: a critical discourse analysis of the 'Cure Violence' initiative". Critical Public Health. 29 (2): 146–155. doi:10.1080/09581596.2018.1535168. ISSN   0958-1596. S2CID   150271146.
  33. Riemann, Malte; Rossi, Norma (2019-11-10). "Medicalizing Conflict – The Risks of Public Health-Based Approaches to Conflict Resolution". The Urban Violence Research Network. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  34. Hart, James (August 20, 2011). "Anti-Crime Rally Puts Focus on Good Choices". The Kansas City Star.
  35. Keefe, Alex (June 21, 2012). "Despite agreement, top cop 'not a big fan' of Chicago anti-violence group". WBEZ Chicago.
  36. Keefe, Alex (July 13, 2012). "Despite earlier criticism, Chicago moves ahead with CeaseFire funding". WBEZ Chicago.
  37. Scharper, Julie (January 25, 2011). "Cherry Hill residents call for end to violence during march". The Baltimore Sun via Newspapers.com.
  38. Sjostrom, Joseph (July 12, 2004). "Maywood police seek suspects in man's death". Chicago Tribune.
  39. Anderson, Jessica (June 2, 2013). "City residents, police try to quell violence as temperatures rise". The Baltimore Sun via Newspapers.com.
  40. Gonzalez, Ana Lucia (April 27, 2018). "Crossing Divides: Stopping violence like it was a virus". BBC News.
  41. "CeaseFire: Chicago Violence Prevention Program". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
  42. "Chicago Project for Violence Prevention". MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  43. "Cure Violence Grand Rapids". United States Bureau of Justice Assistance. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  44. "Chicago Project for Violence Prevention (CPVP) Project Cease Fire". United States Bureau of Justice Assistance. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  45. Churchill, Theresa (March 9, 2007). "CeaseFire funds not in state budget proposal, but money eventually expected to be included". Herald & Review. Gov. Rod Blagojevich's $60 billion budget proposal for the next fiscal year contains nothing for Operation CeaseFire
  46. Churchill, Theresa (August 25, 2007). "Blagojevich carves CeaseFire funding from state budget". Herald & Review. The $6.25 million for CeaseFire in 25 communities, including Decatur, is among an estimated $463 million cut from the state budget by Gov. Rod Blagojevich [...] [State Rep. Bob Flider] vowed to work for an override of the governor's line-item veto in the House.
  47. Churchill, Theresa (September 12, 2007). "CeaseFire plans action to regain funds: Governor cut money for anti-violence group". Herald & Review.
  48. Churchill, Theresa (December 14, 2007). "Local officials who supported CeaseFire mostly skeptical of governor's new anti-violence plan". Herald & Review.
  49. Vea, Ellyn Ong (March 2, 2008). "New funds keeps axe from Corazon programs". The Life. p. 1.
  50. Vea, Ellyn Ong (March 2, 2008). "New funds keeps axe from Corazon programs". The Life. pp. 1, 5.
  51. Mitchell, Fred (September 2, 2008). "Soto's breakout almost for O's". Chicago Tribune. p. 4-3 via Newspapers.com.
  52. Slezak, Carol (September 4, 2008). "Wade says NBA feats, gold medal and 'going on Oprah' are tops for him". Southwest Star. p. B1 via Newspapers.com.
  53. Vea, Ellyn Ong (June 29, 2008). "CeaseFire supervisor: 'God had a purpose for my life'". p. 3.
  54. Erickson, Kurt (June 25, 2008). "Governor threatens massive budget cuts". Journal Gazette. p. A1-A2.
  55. 1 2 "Let CeaseFire Fight". Chicago Tribune. November 12, 2007.
  56. Ruzich, Joseph (January 28, 2009). "CeaseFire returns to grateful Maywood". Chicago Tribune.
  57. Smith, Sheila (May 22, 2009). "CeaseFire returns to Decatur's streets, determined to deter violence". Herald & Review.
  58. "Chicago Police partner with anti-violence group CeaseFire". The Dispatch and The Rock Island Argus. Associated Press. June 26, 2012.
  59. Farr, Christian (June 26, 2012). "CPD, CeaseFire team up". NBC Chicago.
  60. Goldblatt, Jeff; Smith, Lindsay (July 12, 2012). "FOP Not Thrilled With CeaseFire, CPD Partnership". NBC Chicago.
  61. Keefe, Alex (June 21, 2012). "Despite agreement, top cop 'not a big fan' of Chicago anti-violence group". WBEZ Chicago.
  62. 1 2 "Chicago man charged with shooting 2 girls". Associated Press. July 14, 2012.
  63. 1 2 Smith, Lindsay (July 12, 2012). "Teen "Marked for Death" After Shooting Surrenders". NBC Chicago.
  64. "Boundaries - Police Districts (current)". City of Chicago. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  65. Gorner, Jeremy (May 24, 2013). "CeaseFire complains police interfere with group's push to ease gang conflicts". Chicago Tribune.
  66. Childress, Sarah (October 17, 2013). "Chicago Drops CeaseFire form Anti-Violence Strategy". PBS.
  67. Nancy Ritter. "CeaseFire: A Public Health Approach to Reduce Shootings and Killings". NIJ Journal.
  68. "CeaseFire: A Public Health Approach to Reduce Shootings and Killings". National Institute of Justice.
  69. Kotlowitz, Alex (May 4, 2008). "If Gang Shootings And Revenge Killing Were An Infectious Disease, How Would You Stop It? A Chicago Epidemiologist Thinks He Has The Answer" (PDF). New York Times Magazine via Cure Violence.
  70. "Evaluation of Baltimore's Safe Streets Program". Archived from the original on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  71. Picard-Fritsche, Sarah; Cerniglia, Lenore (January 2010). Testing A Public Health Approach to Gun Violence (PDF). Center for Court Innovation (Report). p. 19. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  72. Delgado, Sheyla A.; Alsabahi, Laila; Wolff, Kevin; Alexander, Nicole; Cobar, Patricia; Butts, Jeffrey A. (October 2, 2017). "Denormalizing Violence: A Series of Reports From the John Jay College Evaluation of Cure Violence Programs in New York City". John Jay College of Criminal Justice.
  73. "Young Men in Cure Violence Areas Report Greater Confidence in Police". John Jay College Research and Evaluation Center. October 2, 2017.
  74. Butts, J. A., Wolff, K. T., Misshula, E. & Delgado, S. (2015). Research Brief: Effectiveness of Cure Violence Model in New York City. New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice/City University of New York.
  75. Maguire, Edward R.; Oakley, Megan T.; Corsaro, Nicholas (September 2019). Evaluating Cure Violence in Trinidad and Tobago (PDF) (Report). Inter-American Development Bank. p. 26. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
  76. "Futures, Not Funerals". Chicago Tribune. April 5, 2008.
  77. "Right Under Our Noses". Chicago Tribune. October 18, 2009.
  78. "Many Lives Saved..." Chicago Tribune. January 9, 2010.
  79. 1 2 McLaughlin, Eliott C. (September 28, 2011). "Interrupting the cycle of teen violence". CNN.
  80. "Top 20 NGO's World". www.ngoadvisor.net. Archived from the original on 2021-03-11.
  81. "Cure Violence". National Gang Center. April 7, 2021.
  82. Kristof, Nicholas D.; Wudunn, Sheryl (2014). A Path Appears: Transforming Lives, Creating Opportunity. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN   978-0385349918.
  83. Collier, Paul (October 16, 2014). "'A Path Appears,' by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn". The New York Times.
  84. "Violence as a Public Health Problem: A Most Violent Year". HuffPost. December 9, 2014.
  85. Kilcullen, David (2013). Out of the Mountains: The Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0199737505.
  86. "Beyond Suppression". products.abc-clio.com.
  87. "Epidemiological Criminology: Theory to Practice". CRC Press.
  88. Council, Institute of Medicine and National Research (October 3, 2012). Contagion of Violence: Workshop Summary. doi:10.17226/13489. ISBN   978-0-309-26364-1. PMID   24649515 via www.nap.edu.
  89. "Cure Violence: A disease Control Approach to Reduce Violence and Change Behavior" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-12.