Cymbalum

Aeman hammers a cymbala (set of bells) while Ethan bows a fiddle. Bout Psalter Book of Hours.

The cymbalum (plural cymbala) was the name of two historical instruments, medieval European bells hung and struck with a hammer and Greek kymbalon cymbals. ^[1] The two instruments may possibly be related, based on the same name being used for both and for the similar "cup-like shape." ^[1] This relationship in not unique to European bells and cymbals; Persian bells (zang) and cymbals (sanj) share a simiar word spread.

The singular cymbalum is a single bell, while cymbalum refers to a group of bells (a bell chime). ^[2]

Chimes, which today are bells and bell sounds (such as clock chimes) derives from cymbala. ^[3] The term is used for "stationary bells...less extensive than a carillon", such as tubular bells in an orchestra. ^[3] Chimes is used for groups of bells hung in a "set location", with a "limited range" of tones that are struck. ^[3] They may be may be large or small. ^[3] In simple applications such as on a clock, chimes may be diatonic (two notes, set of two bells). ^[3]

The word cymbalum would be transferred to the harpsichord as the clavicembalo (Italian) or cembalo (German). ^[1] It also became an organ stop. ^[1]

Medieval bell chimes

For medieval people in Europe, cymbala were bells, hung in a set and played with a hammer. ^[1] Images "usually show from four and eight bells", but also as many as 15. ^{[1] [4]} They were tuned diatonically to a C-based scale (to include B flat). ^[1]

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  12th-13th century, England. Musicians play the cymbala (set of small chime-bells) and cymbala cup-shaped cymbals, Bodleian Library MS. Laud Misc. 752
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  1050-1100, Germany. English: Asaph playing chime bells, Pommersfeld Bible, Gräflich Schönbornsche Bibliothek, 334, fol. II 148
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  1050 A.D., Germany. King David playing psaltery with Aethan (with pipes), Idithun (with bell chimes), Heman (with lyre) and Asaph (with vielle/viol). Heidelberg Psalter, Roma, Bibl. Apostolica Vaticana, Pal. lat. 39, f. 44v
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  Circa 1130 A.D. Top left, Boethius with monochord. Top right, Pythagoras with cymbala. Bottom left, Plato. Bottom right, Nicomachus. Boethius' Instutione Musica, Cambridge University Library Ii 3.12 fol 61v.
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  Early 12th century, France/England. Musician playing monochord and cymbala, next to a pipe organ, from B.18, folio 1r, PSALTERIUM TRIPLEX, St John's College Cambridge.
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  1170 A.D., Scotland. Kind David tuning harp while musicians play bells, detail from Hunterian Psalter Glasgow University Library MS Hunter 229 (U.3.2), folio 21V.
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  Circa 1280 A.D., Spain. Bells hung on indoor frame, designed to look like the arched roof of a church
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  13th century, Germany. Refectory bell. A single bell was a cymbalum.
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  Germany circa 1370 A.D. Chime bells, from Chronik um 1370 Cgm 5 Folio 18r
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  circa 1201-1208 A.D. King David holding the rotte (lyre) and musicians playing chime bells, vielle, pipe organ and long horn. St. Elizabeth’s Psalter, MS CXXXVII folio 149r.
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Greek cymbals

4th century A.D., England. Buried Roman treasure recovered at Mildenhall. Maenad with a pair of kymbalon.

Kymbolon (Greek) or cymbala (Latin) were cup shaped cymbals used in Greek and Roman culture to accompany religious "orgiastic" dance. ^[1] They were played to induce ecstasy and related to the Cybele cult from Asia Minor. ^[1] As Romans conquered in the east, they brought back musicians, and women could be seen dancing exotically in the streets and in taverns, accompanied by "crotala, cymbala, tympana, and foreign wind instruments." ^[1]

Roman cymbala had concave centers and turned (flattened) rims. ^[5] Although cup shaped, more rarely, the kymbolon might be flat, like a platter. ^[1]

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  Aeman playing crotals, showing a blending of ancient traditions in the medieval period; in the Carolingian Renaissance, the Roman cymbala cymbals were attached to "forked sticks" to make the crotals. ^{[5] [6]}

References

1. James W. Mc Kinnon; Robert Anderson (1984). "Cymbalum". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 1. pp. 532–533.
2. Marcuse, Sibyl (1975). "Cymbalum". A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper & Row. p. 139.
3. Percival Price (1984). "Chimes". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 1. pp. 351–352.
4. The Hunterian Psalter shows a grouping of 15, played by two people. File:Kind David tuning harp while musicians play bells, detail from Glasgow University Library MS Hunter 229 (U.3.2), folio 21V.jpg
5. Marcuse, Sibyl (1975). "Cymbala". A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper & Row. p. 137.
6. Marcuse, Sibyl (1975). "Crotal". A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper & Row. p. 133. small metal cymbals attached to a hinged fork or forked sticks, used in ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and apparently also in the early middle ages...