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Rhys ap Gruffydd or ap Gruffudd was the ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth in south Wales from 1155 to 1197. Today, he is commonly known as The Lord Rhys, in Welsh Yr Arglwydd Rhys, although this title may have not been used in his lifetime. He usually used the title "Proprietary Prince of Deheubarth" or "Prince of South Wales", but two documents have been discovered in which he uses the title "Prince of Wales" or "Prince of the Welsh". Rhys was one of the most successful and powerful Welsh princes, and, after the death of Owain Gwynedd of Gwynedd in 1170, the dominant power in Wales.
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This article is about the particular significance of the century 1201–1300 to Wales and its people.
This article is about the particular significance of the century 1101–1200 to Wales and its people.
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Elfael was one of a number of Welsh cantrefi occupying the region between the River Wye and river Severn, known as Rhwng Gwy a Hafren, in the early Middle Ages. It was divided into two commotes, Is Mynydd and Uwch Mynydd, separated by the chain of hills above Aberedw. In the late medieval period, it was a marcher lordship. However, after the Laws in Wales Act 1535, it was one of the territorial units which went to make up the county of Radnorshire in 1536.
The history of Gwynedd in the High Middle Ages is a period in the History of Wales spanning the 11th through the 13th centuries. Gwynedd, located in the north of Wales, eventually became the most dominant of Welsh polities during this period. Contact with continental courts allowed for Gwynedd to transition from a petty kingdom into an increasingly sophisticated principality of seasoned courtiers capable of high level deplomacy and representation; not only with the Angevine kings, but also the king of France and the Papal See. Distinctive achievements in Gwynedd include further development of Medieval Welsh literature, particularly poets known as the Beirdd y Tywysogion associated with the court of Gwynedd; the reformation of bardic schools; and the continued development of Cyfraith Hywel. All three of these further contributed to the development of a Welsh national identity in the face of Anglo-Norman encroachment of Wales.
Maelgwn ap Rhys was a rebel and descendant of Maelgwn ap Rhys ap Gruffydd. His father was Rhys Fychan, Geneu'r Glyn's last lord. On 29 September 1294, Madog ap Llywelyn led a national revolt against King Edward's royal administration in north and west Wales. While Madog rebelled in the North, Maelgwn ap Rhys led the revolt in Ceredigion. Maelgwn attempted a siege of Llanbadarn but was unsuccessful. His campaign also involved heavy raids in Pembroke and Carmarthen, until the earl of Gloucester's men killed Maelgwn in 1295 in a fight near Carmarthen. Maelgwn had two brothers, Rhys and Gruffydd, both of whom were imprisoned in Norwich until as late as 1308.
During the late Middle Ages in medieval Wales, rebellions were instigated by the Welsh people in a series of battles and wars before and after the 13th century conquest of Wales by Edward I. By 1283, the whole of Wales was under the control of the Kingdom of England for the first time. Then, by 1400, after centuries of intermittent warfare in Wales, the discontent of the Welsh people with English rule in Wales culminated in the Welsh Revolt, a major uprising led by Owain Glyndŵr, who achieved de facto control over much of the country in the following years. The rebellion petered out after 1409, and after complete English control was restored in 1415, no further major rebellions occurred between the then former Kingdoms in Wales, and England.
References
- Thomas Jones (ed.), Brut Y Tywysogyon or Chronicle of the Princes (Peniarth Ms. 20 Version) (Cardiff, 1952).
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- ↑ Maund, K.L (1996). Gruffudd ap Cynan A collaborative Biography. THE BOYDELL PRESS.