Dacom

Last updated
Dacom
Industry Fax and Data Compression
Founded1966
FounderDaniel Hochman and Donald Weber
Headquarters Santa Clara, USA
Area served
Global
ProductsDacom Rapidfax 100, Dacom DFC-10, Dacom 111 Receiver, Dacom 212, Rapidfax 412 [1] [2]

Dacom, Inc. was founded in 1966 by two ex-Lockheed engineers, Daniel Hochman, President, and Don Weber, Vice President, building on their pioneering work on digital image compression invented for satellite communications. [3] Their work resulted in the first commercial digital fax [4] machine and later the first sub-minute facsimile transmission over a single standard phone line. [5] In 1973 Dacom was recipient of the IR-100 Award [6] (the name was later changed to the R&D 100 Awards) for the most significant new product in Information Technology. The patents and technology developed by Dacom have become the foundation of the modern desktop fax machine.

Contents

History

From the late 1950s Daniel Hochman, a pioneer in digital electronics, was head of a division of Lockheed Missiles & Space Company in Sunnyvale, California. In 1959 Hochman's team at Lockheed unveiled a 9-pound miniature television system that could transmit pictures from as far as 1000 miles in space, and in the early 1960s was working to develop a high-speed communications system for the transmission of images from space. [7] [8] The team faced two related problems: the density of data of a high-resolution photograph, and the low-power, low-capacity transmitters on board satellites. [9] To address these problems, Hochman brought in Donald Weber to work on the problem of data compression - to achieve a higher rate of data transmitted with the same low-power equipment. [10]

In 1966 Hochman and Weber realized the potential application of the technology they had invented to create a digital facsimile machine, capable of transmitting images over a standard phone line in considerably less time than the then-current state-of-the-art analog facsimile machines offered by Xerox, Magnavox, and Stewart Warner. They left Lockheed to form their own company: Dacom (which stood for Data Compression).

The first systems were models DFC-10 and the Dacom 111, which came to market in the late 1960s. Hochman and Weber presented Dacom's data compression technology at the 1970 International Conference on Communications in a paper which has been since cited as a seminal work in the field of image digitization and data compression. [11] The company was awarded a number of patents that constitute the foundation of modern data compression and facsimile transmission (see table below). [12]

1971 brought a partnership with CBS and Savin to provide both development funds and commercial distribution for Dacom. Savin was a major distributor of Ricoh products at the time. The joint venture resulted in the creation of Rapifax Company, which purchased a majority interest in Dacom and was responsible for marketing Dacom products. The Dacom 412 Secure Fax, the first digital sub-minute facsimile came to market shortly after and in 1973 was awarded the IR-100 Best Product of the Year award. [13] [14]

Also, in 1973 a majority interest in Rapifax was sold to Ricoh, a Japanese manufacturing company, which purchased the CBS holdings in the company. Dacom became a wholly owned subsidiary of Rapifax and its technology was transferred to the parent company. Savin retained a 23% in Rapifax, which was subsequently sold to Ricoh as well. Ricoh moved R&D and manufacturing to Japan, a move unsuccessfully contested by Dacom founders in court. Dacom technology was ultimately incorporated into the Ricoh brand fax machines. [15] [16]

Dacom, Inc. succeeded not only in developing breakthrough technology [17] but successfully marketed high-end facsimile equipment in the 1970s for general business and special niche markets, including government agencies, military communications, and remote newspaper publishing. [18] In the mid-1970s, the Rapifax 100 established itself as the market leader in the "ultrafast facsimile market". [19]

Patents Assigned to Dacom, Inc.

Patent No.DescriptionInventorsDate granted
FR2053965
CA917571
US4135214		A method and apparatus wherein novel adaptive encoding and decoding processes are utilized to reduce the quantity of symbols or descriptors required to transmitDonald R. Weber4/16/1971
12/26/1972
1/16/1979
US3868477Binary facsimile communication system employing an automatic contrast enhancement methodHoward Katzman2/25/1975
GB1409365
US3916095
CA1002175-7		Dual-line data compression method and system for compressing, transmitting and reproducing facsimile dataDonald R. Weber
Lou Joseph
Edward A. Poe
Ralph W. Austed		10/81975
10/28/1975
12/21/1975
US3965290Video-to-binary conversion apparatus for use in image reproduction systems and the like to convert an input video signal to an output binary signal…James G. Tisue6/24/1976
US4000368An electronic non-uniform clock generating apparatus including a modulo N counter for counting uniform clock pulses in a controlled manner to develop a seriesJames G. Tisue12/28/1976
US 4084196An electronic half-tone generating circuit for enabling a black and white facsimile transmission system to accurately and efficiently transmit and reproduce images including shades…James G. Tisue
Donald R. Weber
Peter A. Johanson		4/11/1978
US4107610A data handling system for converting an analog signal into binary form for storage or transmission to a remote receiver and subsequent reconstruction back…Donald R. Weber8/15/1978

Related Research Articles

In information theory, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information. Typically, a device that performs data compression is referred to as an encoder, and one that performs the reversal of the process (decompression) as a decoder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fax</span> Method of transmitting images, often of documents

Fax, sometimes called telecopying or telefax, is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material, normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine, which processes the contents as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines transmit an audio-encoded digital representation of the page, using data compression to more quickly transmit areas that are all-white or all-black.

Telephony is the field of technology involving the development, application, and deployment of telecommunication services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone.

A video codec is software or hardware that compresses and decompresses digital video. In the context of video compression, codec is a portmanteau of encoder and decoder, while a device that only compresses is typically called an encoder, and one that only decompresses is a decoder.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), also called IP telephony, is a method and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service specifically refer to the provisioning of communications services over the Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN), also known as plain old telephone service (POTS).

Tag Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is an image file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers. TIFF is widely supported by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition, image manipulation, desktop publishing, and page-layout applications. The format was created by the Aldus Corporation for use in desktop publishing. It published the latest version 6.0 in 1992, subsequently updated with an Adobe Systems copyright after the latter acquired Aldus in 1994. Several Aldus or Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications have been based on TIFF 6.0, including TIFF/EP, TIFF/IT, TIFF-F and TIFF-FX.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer network</span> Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other

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References

  1. ↑ The implementation of a personal computer-based digital facsimile information distribution system by Chung, Edward C.
  2. ↑ Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication, Daniel M. Costigan, Chilton Book Company, 1971, Pages 112-114, 213, 239
  3. ↑ The theoretical foundations are articulated in papers published in the early 1960s. See for example "Adaptive Telemetry and Data Compression", Daniel Hochman and Don R. Weber, Aerospace Telemetry, Vol.II, Prentice Hall, 1966.
  4. ↑ "Fax: The Principles and Practice of Facsimile Communication, Daniel M. Costigan, Chilton Book Company, 1971, Page 239. See also Hochman and Weber's formal presentation of the digital fax at the 1970 IEEE International Conference on Communications, which is cited in the professional literature discussing the origins of digital facsimile: "Dacom Facsimile Data Compression Techniques", Daniel Hochman and Donald Weber, IEEE ICC70 Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications, San Francisco, June pp. 20.14-20.21."
  5. ↑ Fax, Specs and Projections, IEEE Spectrum, 9/1974 pp. 77-88. Summary table of comparative fax specs in 1974 also cited in Telecommunications Media for the Delivery of Educational Programming, Richard Ballard and Lester F. Eastwood, Washington University Center for Technology November 1974
  6. ↑ Industrial Research Magazine, 1973 IR New Product Annual Industrial Research Magazine, 1973 IR New Product Annual, p.34 and database of previous R&D-100 winners [ permanent dead link ]
  7. ↑ Miniature TV System for Use in Missiles Developed by Lockheed, The Wall Street Journal , February 12, 1959
  8. ↑ Digital Systems in Space Communications, Daniel Hochman, Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Aeronautical Sciences, Stockholm, 1962
  9. ↑ Switching Theory in Space Technology, Space-Borne Digital System for Data Bandwidth Compression by Daniel Hochman Pages 333 - 351, Stanford University Press
  10. ↑ Black Box Edits Data in Space, Sunnyvale Daily Standard, October 2, 1964
  11. ↑ Dacom Facsimile Data Compression Techniques, Daniel Hochman and Donald Weber, IEEE ICC70 Proceedings of the International Conference on Communications, San Francisco, June 1970, pp. 20.14-20.21.
  12. ↑ Don Weber - Dacom patents
  13. ↑ "Fax, Specs and Projections", IEEE Spectrum, 9/1974 pp. 77-88.
  14. ↑ Industrial Research Magazine 1973 I-R New Product Annual, Page 34.
  15. ↑ Savin Sues to Block Sale of Rapifax Stock to Ricoh, Seeks Rapifax Holder Meeting, The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 1977
  16. ↑ San Diego Business Journal, March 1, 1993, page 3
  17. ↑ More information on the development of the fax can be found in the Daniel Hochman biographical file at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum archives.
  18. ↑ How the Monitor Spans a Continent in Miilliseconds, Stephen Silha, The Christian Science Monitor, Jan 21, 1974
  19. ↑ More Entries Are Expected in Quick Phone Facsimiles, The New York Times, January 23, 1978
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