Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Beryl has a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale. Most emeralds are highly included, so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a cyclosilicate.
Ilmenite, also known as manaccanite, is a titanium-iron oxide mineral with the idealized formula FeTiO
3. It is a weakly magnetic black or steel-gray solid. From a commercial perspective, ilmenite is the most important ore of titanium. Ilmenite is the main source of titanium dioxide, which is used in paints, printing inks, fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food and cosmetics.
Vanadinite is a mineral belonging to the apatite group of phosphates, with the chemical formula Pb5(VO4)3Cl. It is one of the main industrial ores of the metal vanadium and a minor source of lead. A dense, brittle mineral, it is usually found in the form of red hexagonal crystals. It is an uncommon mineral, formed by the oxidation of lead ore deposits such as galena. First discovered in 1801 in Mexico, vanadinite deposits have since been unearthed in South America, Europe, Africa, and North America.
Group 5 is a group of elements in the periodic table. Group 5 contains vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) and dubnium (Db). This group lies in the d-block of the periodic table. The group itself has not acquired a trivial name; it belongs to the broader grouping of the transition metals.
Xstrata plc was an Anglo-Swiss multinational mining company headquartered in Zug, Switzerland and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It was a major producer of coal, copper, nickel, primary vanadium and zinc and the world's largest producer of ferrochrome. It had operations in 19 countries across Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America.
The vanadium redox battery (VRB), also known as the vanadium flow battery (VFB) or vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), is a type of rechargeable flow battery that employs vanadium ions in different oxidation states to store chemical potential energy. The vanadium redox battery exploits the ability of vanadium to exist in solution in four different oxidation states, and uses this property to make a battery that has just one electroactive element instead of two. For several reasons, including their relative bulkiness, most vanadium batteries are currently used for grid energy storage, i.e., attached to power plants or electrical grids.
EVRAZ plc is a multinational vertically integrated steel making and mining company with headquarters in London, United Kingdom. It has operations mainly in Russia, but also in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Italy, Czech Republic, the United States, Canada and South Africa. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. As of 2015, the ultimate beneficial owners were Roman Abramovich (31.03%), chairman Alexander Abramov (21.59%) and CEO Aleksandr Frolov (10.78%).
Placerville is an unincorporated community and a U.S. Post Office located in San Miguel County, Colorado, United States. The Placerville Post Office has the ZIP Code 81430.
Uranium mining in Colorado, United States, goes back to 1872, when pitchblende ore was taken from gold mines near Central City, Colorado. The Colorado uranium industry has seen booms and busts, but continues to this day. Not counting byproduct uranium from phosphate, Colorado is considered to have the third largest uranium reserves of any US state, behind Wyoming and New Mexico.
Roscoelite is a green mineral from the mica group that contains vanadium.
Uranium mining in Utah, a state of the United States, has a history going back more than 100 years. Uranium mining started as a byproduct of vanadium mining about 1900, became a byproduct of radium mining about 1910, then back to a byproduct of vanadium when the radium price fell in the 1920s. Utah saw a uranium boom in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but uranium mining declined in the 1980s. Since 2001 there has been a revival of interest in uranium mining, as a result of higher uranium prices.
Patronite is the vanadium sulfide mineral with formula VS4. The material is usually described as V4+(S22−)2. Structurally, it is a "linear-chain" compound with alternating bonding and nonbonding contacts between the vanadium centers. The vanadium is octa-coordinated, which is an uncommon geometry for this metal.
Rovana is an unincorporated community in Inyo County, California. It is located at the western edge of Owens Valley, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) north-northeast of Mount Tom, at an elevation of 5141 feet.
The Mustavaara mine is one of the largest vanadium mines in Finland. The mine is located in Oulu Province. The mine has reserves amounting to 30 million tonnes of ore grading 0.91% vanadium.
The Titan mine is one of the largest titanium mines in Canada. The mine is located in Ontario. The mine has reserves amounting to 49 million tonnes of ore grading 14.8% titanium and 0.24% vanadium.
The Padma mine is one of the largest vanadium mines in Russia. The mine is located in Republic of Karelia. The mine has reserves amounting to 4.6 million tonnes of ore grading 2.35% vanadium.
The Green Giant mine is one of the largest vanadium mines in Madagascar. The mine is located in Atsimo-Atsinanana. The mine has reserves amounting to 59.2 million tonnes of ore grading 0.68% vanadium.
Vanadium Corporation of America later American Vanadium Company was a successful commercial producer of vanadium. The company was founded in 1906 by Joseph M. Flannery. The company operated several mines for vanadium for example in Peru. The raw material was converted to ferroalloy for example in a plant in Bridgeville, Pennsylvania.
The Minas Ragra was a large vanadium mine in the Pasco Region of Peru. The deposit was discovered by a United States Geological Survey expedition on November 20. 1905. Members of this expeditions were Donnel Foster Hewett and José J. Bravo In this deposit the mineral patrónite was first discovered by a member of the expedition Antenor Rizo-Patron. A mine was established in very short time by the Vanadium Corporation of America. By 1914 75% of the world vanadium ore production was coming from the Minas Ragra in Peru. Making the mine to the world leading producer of vanadium. With the production of vanadium as side product of uranium mining from carnotite the mine had to close in 1955.
