Dan J. Stein

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Stein in 2013 Dan-Stein-20130904.jpg
Stein in 2013

Dan Joseph Stein is a South African psychiatrist who is a professor and Chair of the Dept of Psychiatry and Mental Health at the University of Cape Town, [1] and Director of the South African MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders. Stein was the Director of UCT's early Brain and Behaviour Initiative, [2] and was the inaugural Scientific Director of UCT's later Neuroscience Institute. [3] He has also been a visiting professor at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in the United States, and at Aarhus University in Denmark.

Contents

Education

Stein studied medicine at the University of Cape Town, including an intercalated undergraduate degree with majors in biochemistry and psychology. He later trained in psychiatry, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship in the area of psychopharmacology at Columbia University. He subsequently completed doctoral degrees in clinical neuroscience as well as in philosophy at Stellenbosch University. [4]

Interests

Stein is interested in the psychobiology and management of the anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and related, and traumatic and stress disorders. He has also mentored work in other areas that are ofparticular relevance to South Africa and Africa, including maternal mental health, neuroHIV/AIDS, and substance use disorders. [4]

Stein's work ranges from basic neuroscience, through clinical investigations and trials, and on to epidemiological and public mental health research. [5] He advocates for clinical practice and scientific research that integrates theoretical concepts and empirical data across these different levels, strengthening a biopsychosocial approach to mental health. [6]

Having worked for many years in South Africa, he has also sought to establish integrative approaches to improving psychiatric services, training, and research in the context of a low and-middle-income country. [7]

Contributions

As Chair of the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health at the University of Cape Town, Stein has led work to integrate and improve psychiatric services, training, and research. [8] He also led the University of Cape Town's Brain-Behaviour Initiative, [9] which in turn provided a foundation for its Neuroscience Institute, the first on the African continent. [10]

Soon after returning to South Africa from New York, he initiated the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders. The Unit undertook basic neuroscience research on anxiety, initiated brain magnetic resonance imaging and neurogenetics research in the country, and conducted the first nationally representative community survey of mental disorders on the continent. [11]

Stein has initiated and supported collaborations with and fellowships for African scientists. The Neuro-GAP study brought together researchers from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda, to work on the genetics of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. [12] Stein was the founding President of the African College of Neuropsychopharmacology. [13]

Stein has been part of several international research collaborations, including work on neuroimaging (the Enhancing Neuroimaging by Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) collaboration) and work on psychiatric epidemiology (the World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys). He chaired the workgroups of both the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the 11th edition of the International Classification of Disorders (ICD-11) on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. [14]

Stein has been ranked as one of the most cited anxiety disorder researchers globally, [15] and his Google h-index is more than 150, one of the highest of any African scholar. [16]

Publications

Stein has authored or edited over 40 volumes. [17] These include volumes on clinical neuroscience: Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience of Mood and Anxiety Disorders; [18] on clinical disorders: Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders; and on global mental health: Global Mental Health and Psychotherapy. He authored the Textbook of Anxiety Disorders, [19] and the Textbook of Mood Disorders. [17]

Stein has contributed hundreds of papers and chapters, again covering a broad range of topics. [20] These include papers in leading journals in science (e.g. Science), medicine (e.g. Lancet), and psychiatry (e.g World Psychiatry), as well as chapters in key textbooks of psychiatry. [21]

Psychiatry writings

The notion of an obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders goes back at least to Freud, and was framed neurobiologically by Judith Rapaport, Eric Hollander, and others, who found that these conditions responded to serotonergic agents (such as clomipramine) but not to noradrenergic agents (such as desipramine). Stein was Hollander's first post-doctoral fellow, and subsequently led work in the area of obsessive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, including work on trichotillomania, and contributed to a number of publications for the DSM-5 and ICD-11 Workgroups on OC spectrum disorders, supporting the inclusion of these conditions in both nosologies. [22]

Since Darwin, it has been clear that animals show emotions such as fear. Subsequent laboratory research has demonstrated the value of rodent models in exploring fear conditioning and extinction, with the hope that this work may help us understand human anxiety disorders. In collaboration with Brian Harvey, Stein has contributed to work on animal models relevant to understanding the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. In particular, they helped to establish the deermouse model of stereotypy. [23]

Brain imaging has played a key role in shedding light on mental disorders. However, much of this work has been based on small samples. Paul Thompson initiated ENIGMA, the world’s largest brain imaging consortium in order to address this issue, and advance work on neuroimaging of neuropsychiatric disorders. Stein has co-led ENIGMA-OCD with Odile van den Heuvel, ENIGMA-Anxiety with Nic van der Wee, Janna-Marie Bas-Hoogendam, and Nynke Groenewold; and ENIGMA-HIV with Neda Jehanshad. This work has led to a number of key findings, including publications emphasizing the role of the thalamus in OCD. [24]

Genetic research has played an increasingly large role in research on neuropsychiatric conditions. Again, the issue of achieving sufficient statistical power is an important one, and the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium has been formed to combine genetics data from across the world. Stein has contributed data to a range of PGC publications, including work on OCD and PTSD. It is notable that such work has focused largely on individuals of European ancestry. In collaboration with Mary-Claire King, Ezra Susser, Karestan Koenen, and others Stein has helped lead work on genetics of mental disorders in individuals of African ancestry. This has helped demonstrate the enormous potential of such investigations. [25]

Urbach-Wiethe disease (UWD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by early damage to the basolateral amygdala. Perhaps more than 50% of the world's population of UWD live in South Africa, and together with his doctoral student, Helena Thornton, Stein initiated work on the neuropsychology of UWD. Jack van Honk subsequently led a range of work on this condition. These investigations have shed important light on the specific contribution of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) to a range of cognitive-affective processes. For example, the BLA adaptively regulates escape behavior from imminent threat, a mechanism that is evolutionary conserved across rodents and humans. Furthermore, the human BLA is essential for instrumental behaviors in social-economic interactions. [26]

Stein has participated in a range of clinical trials, including work on both pharmacotherapy andpsychotherapy. First, Stein has led or contributed to trials on anxiety and related disorders,including generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and trichotillomania. [21] Second, Stein has led or contributed to a range of systematic reviews of such work, including a number of reviews for the Cochrane Collaboration, a key consortium in evidence-based health care. [21] Third, in the context of the low-middle income world, where there are limited numbers of psychiatrists and psychologists, it has been suggested that task-sharing approaches may be particularly relevant, and Stein has contributed to a number of trials of such interventions. [27]

The development of the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders allowed the development of structured diagnostic interviews which could be used in epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders. Ronald Kessler played a key role in leading such work, and is Principal Investigator of the World Mental Health Surveys. In collaboration with Kessler, David Williams, and others, Stein undertook the first nationally representative survey of mental disorders in an African country. [28] Additionally, he has led several cross-national publications of the World Mental Health Surveys, and contributed to a number of publications of the Global Burden of Disease Consortium. [21]

The Drakenstein Child Health Study is a birth cohort study led by Heather Zar, and allows integrated investigation of the biological, psychological, and social determinants of health. Stein led work on the psychosocial aspects of the Study, and his team contributed findings on the relationship between maternal post-traumatic stress disorder and infant outcomes, on the association of maternal exposure to alcohol with infant brain imaging, and on the impact of maternal HIV status on infant neurodevelopment. Work, such as that on how prenatal exposure tomaternal psychological distress induces neuronal, immunological and behavioral abnormalities inaffected offspring, exemplifies a multidisciplinary approach that integrates a range of different risk and resilience variables, and that delineates relevant underlying mechanisms. [29]

Philosophy writings

Stein has integrated his interests in psychiatry, neuroscience, and philosophy in his volumes on The Philosophy of Psychopharmacology: Smart Pills, Happy Pills, Pep Pills and Problems of Living: Perspectives from Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Cognitive-Affective Science.

Psychiatry raises some key “big questions”, both about the nature of the mind (and mental illness)in particular, and about the nature of life (and mental suffering) in general. Philosophy of Psychopharmacology addresses some of the "hard problems" faced by mental health clinicians, with a particular focus on philosophical issues raised or addressed by advances in psychiatric medication. [30] Problems of Living looks at a range of "hard problems" raised by life as a whole. [31]

Awards

Stein's work has been funded by extramural grants, including a range of funding from the National Institutes of Health. [32] He is a recipient of the International College of Neuropsychopharmacology's Max Hamilton Memorial Award for his contribution to psychopharmacology, the South African Medical Research Council's Platinum Award, and the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry's Lifetime Achievement Award. [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anxiety</span> Unpleasant complex combination of emotions

Anxiety is an emotion which is characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a real threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future threat. It is often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anxiety disorder</span> Cognitive disorder with an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations

Anxiety disorders are a cluster of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear such that a person's social, occupational, and personal function are significantly impaired. Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that may vary based on the individual.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hypochondriasis</span> Medical condition

Hypochondriasis or hypochondria is a condition in which a person is excessively and unduly worried about having a serious illness. Hypochondria is an old concept whose meaning has repeatedly changed over its lifespan. It has been claimed that this debilitating condition results from an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical diagnosis. An individual with hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac. Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect, no matter how minor the symptom may be, and are convinced that they have, or are about to be diagnosed with, a serious illness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</span> Personality disorder involving orderliness

Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is a cluster C personality disorder marked by a spectrum of obsessions with rules, lists, schedules, and order, among other things. Symptoms are usually present by the time a person reaches adulthood, and are visible in a variety of situations. The cause of OCPD is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors, namely problems with attachment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Generalized anxiety disorder</span> Long-lasting anxiety not focused on any one object or situation

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. Worry often interferes with daily functioning, and individuals with GAD are often overly concerned about everyday matters such as health, finances, death, family, relationship concerns, or work difficulties. Symptoms may include excessive worry, restlessness, trouble sleeping, exhaustion, irritability, sweating, and trembling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clomipramine</span> Antidepressant

Clomipramine, sold under the brand name Anafranil among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). It is used for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder, panic disorder, major depressive disorder, and chronic pain. It may increase the risk of suicide in those under the age of 25. It is primarily taken by mouth. It has also been used to treat premature ejaculation.

Biological psychiatry or biopsychiatry is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorder in terms of the biological function of the nervous system. It is interdisciplinary in its approach and draws on sciences such as neuroscience, psychopharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, epigenetics and physiology to investigate the biological bases of behavior and psychopathology. Biopsychiatry is the branch of medicine which deals with the study of the biological function of the nervous system in mental disorders.

Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with psychiatry as it relates to neurology, in an effort to understand and attribute behavior to the interaction of neurobiology and social psychology factors. Within neuropsychiatry, the mind is considered "as an emergent property of the brain", whereas other behavioral and neurological specialties might consider the two as separate entities. Those disciplines are typically practiced separately.

The obsessive–compulsive spectrum is a model of medical classification where various psychiatric, neurological and/or medical conditions are described as existing on a spectrum of conditions related to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). "The disorders are thought to lie on a spectrum from impulsive to compulsive where impulsivity is said to persist due to deficits in the ability to inhibit repetitive behavior with known negative consequences, while compulsivity persists as a consequence of deficits in recognizing completion of tasks." OCD is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. An obsession is defined as "a recurring thought, image, or urge that the individual cannot control". Compulsion can be described as a "ritualistic behavior that the person feels compelled to perform". The model suggests that many conditions overlap with OCD in symptomatic profile, demographics, family history, neurobiology, comorbidity, clinical course and response to various pharmacotherapies. Conditions described as being on the spectrum are sometimes referred to as obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders.

Sexual obsessions are persistent and unrelenting thoughts about sexual activity. In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), these are extremely common, and can become extremely debilitating, making the person ashamed of the symptoms and reluctant to seek help. A preoccupation with sexual matters, however, does not only occur as a symptom of OCD, they may be enjoyable in other contexts.

Exposure therapy is a technique in behavior therapy to treat anxiety disorders. Exposure therapy involves exposing the target patient to the anxiety source or its context without the intention to cause any danger (desensitization). Doing so is thought to help them overcome their anxiety or distress. Procedurally, it is similar to the fear extinction paradigm developed for studying laboratory rodents. Numerous studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in the treatment of disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and specific phobias.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dennis S. Charney</span> American medical researcher

Dennis S. Charney is an American biological psychiatrist and researcher, with expertise in the neurobiology and treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. He is the author of Neurobiology of Mental Illness, The Physician's Guide to Depression and Bipolar Disorders and Molecular Biology for the Clinician, as well as the author of over 600 original papers and chapters. In 2022, he was listed #52 on Research.com's "Top Medicine Scientists in the United States," with an h-index of 194 with 146,109 citations across 651 publications. Charney is known for demonstrating that ketamine is effective for treating depression. Ketamine's use as a rapidly-acting anti-depressant is recognized as a breakthrough treatment in mental illness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</span> Mental and behavioral disorder

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts and feels the need to perform certain routines (compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function.

Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological etiology of mental illnesses with a particular emphasis on the genetic and neurophysiological basis of clinical psychology. Biological psychopathology attempts to explain psychiatric disorders using multiple levels of analysis from the genome to brain functioning to behavior. Although closely related to clinical psychology, it is fundamentally an interdisciplinary approach that attempts to synthesize methods across fields such as neuroscience, psychopharmacology, biochemistry, genetics, and physiology. It is known by several alternative names, including "clinical neuroscience" and "experimental psychopathology." Due to the focus on biological processes of the central and peripheral nervous systems, biological psychopathology has been important in developing new biologically-based treatments for mental disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Social anxiety disorder</span> Anxiety disorder associated with social situations

Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by sentiments of fear and anxiety in social situations, causing considerable distress and impairing ability to function in at least some aspects of daily life. These fears can be triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny from others. Individuals with social anxiety disorder fear negative evaluations from other people.

Clinical neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that focuses on the scientific study of fundamental mechanisms that underlie diseases and disorders of the brain and central nervous system. It seeks to develop new ways of conceptualizing and diagnosing such disorders and ultimately of developing novel treatments.

The delayed-maturation theory of obsessive–compulsive disorder suggests that obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) can be caused by delayed maturation of the frontal striatal circuitry or parts of the brain that make up the frontal cortex, striatum, or integrating circuits. Some researchers suspect that variations in the volume of specific brain structures can be observed in children that have OCD. It has not been determined if delayed-maturation of this frontal circuitry contributes to the development of OCD or if OCD is the ailment that inhibits normal growth of structures in the frontal striatal, frontal cortex, or striatum. However, the use of neuroimaging has equipped researchers with evidence of some brain structures that are consistently less adequate and less matured in patients diagnosed with OCD in comparison to brains without OCD. More specifically, structures such as the caudate nucleus, volumes of gray matter, white matter, and the cingulate have been identified as being less developed in people with OCD in comparison to individuals that do not have OCD. However, the cortex volume of the operculum (brain) is larger and OCD patients are also reported to have larger temporal lobe volumes; which has been identified in some women patients with OCD. Further research is needed to determine the effect of these structural size differences on the onset and degree of OCD and the maturation of specific brain structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wayne Goodman</span> American psychiatrist and researcher

Wayne Goodman is an American psychiatrist and researcher who specializes in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). He is the principal developer, along with his colleagues, of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).

Joseph Zohar is the director of Psychiatry and the Anxiety and Obsessive Compulsive Clinic at the Sheba Medical Center in Tel HaShomer and professor of psychiatry at Tel Aviv University, Israel. He is the founder of the World Council on Anxiety as well as the Israeli Consortium on PTSD. He currently leads the chief installation of the Israeli Defense Force for the treatment of PTSD. He is a member of the executive committee of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, of which he is a former president, and chairman of the Expert Platform on Mental Health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judith L. Rapoport</span> American psychiatrist

Judith L. Rapoport is an American psychiatrist. She is the chief of the Child Psychiatry Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland.

References

  1. ↑ "UCT Dept of Psychiatry\accessdate=2019-11-10".
  2. ↑ "UCT Brain and Behaviour Initiative" . Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  3. ↑ "UCT Neuroscience Institute" . Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  4. 1 2 Morgan, J. (2021). "Lancet Psychiatry". 8 (9): 753. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00295-9. PMID   34419181 . Retrieved 24 March 2021.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ↑ "Dan Stein Google Scholar" . Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  6. ↑ Stein, D. J.; He, Y.; Phillips, A.; Sahakian, B. J.; Williams, J.; Patel, V. (2015). "Integration of clinical neuroscience and global mental health". The Lancet. Psychiatry. 2 (2): 178–185. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00014-0. PMID   26359754 . Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  7. ↑ Gillis, L.; Robertson, B. A.; Zabow, T.; Stein, D. J. (2012). "Psychiatry in South Africa". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 102 (6): 449–51. doi: 10.7196/samj.5449 . PMID   22668933.
  8. ↑ Morgan, J. (2021). "Lancet Psychiatry". 8 (9): 753. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00295-9. PMID   34419181 . Retrieved 24 March 2021.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ Stein, D. J.; Daniels, W.; Emsley, R.; Harvey, B.; Blackburn, J.; Carey, P.; Ellis, G.; Illing, N.; Flisher, A.; Moolman-Smook, H.; Mwaba, K.; Ramesar, R.; Russell, V.; Seedat, S.; Tredoux, C.; Vaughan, C. L.; Vythilingum, B.; Warwick, J. (2006). "Brain Behaviour Initiative". Metabolic Brain Disease. 21 (2–3): 279–284. doi:10.1007/s11011-006-9024-3. PMID   16850254. S2CID   25769097 . Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  10. ↑ Fieggen, A. G.; Donald, K. A.; Stein, D. J.; Wood MJA (2019). "Neuroscience Institute". Nature. 574 (7778): 333. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03108-z. PMID   31616095. S2CID   204543030 . Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  11. ↑ " "The South African Stress and Health (SASH) Study". 2009. PMID   19588795 . Retrieved 30 June 2023.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ " "Neuropsychiatric Genetics in African Populations (NeuroGAP)" . Retrieved 30 June 2023..
  13. ↑ "AFCNP" . Retrieved 30 June 2023..
  14. ↑ Stein, D. J.; Kogan, C. S.; Atmaca, M.; Fineberg, N. A.; Fontenelle, L. F.; Grant, J. E.; Matsunaga, H.; Reddy YCJ; Simpson, H. B.; Thomsen, P. H.; Van Den Heuvel, O. A.; Veale, D.; Woods, D. W.; Reed, G. M. (2016). "OCRDs in ICD-11". Journal of Affective Disorders. 190: 663–674. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.061. PMID   26590514. S2CID   4876902.
  15. ↑ "Expertscape" . Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  16. ↑ "H-Index".
  17. 1 2 "Dan Stein Amazon Author Page". Amazon. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  18. ↑ Stein, Dan J. (2002). Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience of Depression and Anxiety Disorders. London: Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN   1-84184-100-5.
  19. ↑ Stein, Dan J.; Hollander, Eric; Rothbaum, Barbara O. (2010). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Anxiety Disorders, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub. ISBN   978-0-88048-829-7.
  20. ↑ "Google Scholar Page". Google Scholar. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "ORCID Page" . Retrieved 10 November 2019.
  22. ↑ Stein, D. J.; Kogan, C. S.; Atmaca, M.; Fineberg, N. A.; Fontenelle, L. F.; Grant, J. E.; Matsunaga, H.; Reddy YCJ; Simpson, H. B.; Thomsen, P. H.; Van Den Heuvel, O. A.; Veale, D.; Woods, D. W.; Reed, G. M. (2016). "OCRD". Journal of Affective Disorders. 190: 663–674. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.061. PMID   26590514. S2CID   4876902 . Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  23. ↑ Korff, S.; Stein, D. J.; Harvey, B. H. (2008). "Deermouse". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 32 (2): 348–355. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.032. PMID   17888556. S2CID   21971519 . Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  24. ↑ Weeland, C. J.; et al. (2022). "ENIGMA". Translational Psychiatry. 12 (1): 70. doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01823-2. PMC   8861046 . PMID   35190533.
  25. ↑ "Genetics of schizophrenia in the South African Xhosa".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ↑ Terburg, D.; Scheggia, D.; Triana Del Rio, R.; Klumpers, F.; Ciobanu, A. C.; Morgan, B.; Montoya, E. R.; Bos, P. A.; Giobellina, G.; Van Den Burg, E. H.; De Gelder, B.; Stein, D. J.; Stoop, R.; Van Honk, J. (2018). "UWD". Cell. 175 (3): 723–735.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.028. PMC   6198024 . PMID   30340041.
  27. ↑ "Trials" . Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  28. ↑ Stein, D. J.; Williams, D. R.; Kessler, R. C. (2009). "WMHS". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 99 (5 Pt 2): 337. PMID   19588795 . Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  29. ↑ Breen, M. S.; Wingo, A. P.; Koen, N.; Donald, K. A.; Nicol, M.; Zar, H. J.; Ressler, K. J.; Buxbaum, J. D.; Stein, D. J. (2018). "DCHS". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 73: 320–330. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.016. PMC   6191930 . PMID   29791872.
  30. ↑ "Classical-Critical-Integrative" . Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  31. ↑ "Problems of Living". 17 August 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  32. ↑ "NIH Grant" . Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  33. ↑ "World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry Lifetime Achievement Award" . Retrieved 10 November 2019.
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