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Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence to achieve political aims. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants. The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but became widely used internationally and gained worldwide attention in the 1970s during the conflicts of Northern Ireland, the Basque Country, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001.
Religious terrorism is a type of religious violence where terrorism is used as a tactic to achieve religious goals or which are influenced by religious identity.
Islamic terrorism, Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism are terrorist acts against civilians committed by violent Islamists who have a religious motivation.
Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the morals, ethics, efficiency, economics, as well as other issues surrounding the war on terror. It also touches upon criticism against the phrase itself, which was branded as a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that participating governments exploited it to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context, since there is no identifiable enemy and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.
The Terrorism Research Center (TRC) is non-profit think tank focused on investigating and researching global terrorism issues through multi-disciplinary collaboration amongst a group of international experts.
Robert Anthony Pape Jr. is an American political scientist who studies national and international security affairs, with a focus on air power, American and international political violence, social media propaganda, and terrorism. He is currently a professor of political science at the University of Chicago and founder and director of the Chicago Project on Security and Threats (CPOST).
The following is a partial list of civilian casualties in the Al-Aqsa Intifada. According to the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, 887 of the 1,137 Israelis killed in attacks from September 2000 – 2005 were civilians. Another 8,341 Israelis were wounded during this period, and 5,676 were civilians while 2,665 were security forces. The majority of casualties have been caused by suicide bombings, though Israelis have been killed by planted bombs, shootings, stonings, stabbings, lynchings, rockets, and other methods of attack.
A suicide attack is any violent attack in which attackers accept their own death as a direct result of the attacking method used. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout history, often as part of a military campaign, and more recently as part of terrorist campaigns.
Project Griffin was originally introduced by the City of London Police and Metropolitan Police in April 2004 to help "London's financial sector better protect itself against terrorist threats". It has since spread to businesses and security services as a way to get educated about counter-terrorism and crime prevention, be the 'eyes and ears' for the police and be prepared for major emergency. The goal of the program is to bring together the police, fire brigade, ambulance services, private security industry and other government agencies in deterring, disrupting and support operations targeting terrorist and extremist activity.
Randolph Post “R.P.” Eddy is an American businessman, investor, author, former US government official, and former United States and United Nations senior diplomat. He is the CEO of Ergo, a strategy and geopolitical intelligence firm headquartered in New York. He is also the CEO of Four Rivers, an investment firm focusing on Asia. Eddy and Richard Clarke are co-authors of a best selling and award winning book on forecasting and decision-making, published by HarperCollins. In addition, Eddy is the co-host of The Nantucket Project's "R.P. Daily" podcast. He was named by Foreign Policy Magazine as one of America's most authoritative terrorism and national security experts, Harvard Business Review heralded his business innovations as a "radical new model," and The New York Times, PBS, CNN, NPR, Fox and others refer to him as an expert on international affairs, transnational issues, national security, and corporate risk.
Edward Newman is a British political scientist who is Professor of International Security at the School of Politics and International Studies at the University of Leeds. He is also an International Associate at the Center for Peace and Human Security, Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris. Newman was previously Senior Lecturer in International Relations and former Deputy Head of the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham and, before that, Director of Studies on Conflict and Security in the Peace and Governance Programme of the United Nations University in Tokyo. He is the editor-in-chief of the journal Civil Wars.
The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is a database of incidents of terrorism from 1970 onward. As of July 2017, the list extended through 2016, with an incomplete data of 1993 due to issues with that year. The database is maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) at the University of Maryland, College Park in the United States. It is also the basis for other terrorism-related measures, such as the Global Terrorism Index (GTI) published by the Institute for Economics and Peace.
The Chicago Project on Security and Threats (CPOST) describes itself as an "international security affairs research institute based at the University of Chicago." Formerly known as the Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism, and the Chicago Project on Suicide Terrorism, it was founded in 2004 by Robert Pape, professor of political science at the University of Chicago and author of Dying to Win, a book about suicide terrorism. It compiles, maintains and publishes the Database on Suicide Attacks, a comprehensive dataset of suicide terrorism around the world that covers attacks from 1974 to 2019. CPOST frequently works closely with the United States government, particularly the Department of Defense.
Fight against terrorism in Azerbaijan is one of the priorities and Azerbaijan attaches great importance to strengthening ties in international security with the relevant structures within the Euro-Atlantic partner countries. International organizations banned as terrorist include Al Qaeda, Al-Nusra Front, Azerbaijani Jamaat, Hizb ut-Tahrir, Islamic International Brigade, ISIS, Jeyshullah, and PKK. According to the Global Terrorism Database, seven people have been killed and over 20 injured in terrorist attacks from 2000 to 2015.
The Ulster University's Transitional Justice Institute (TJI), is a law-led multidisciplinary research institute of Ulster University which is physically located at the Jordanstown, and Magee campuses. It was created in 2003, making it the first and longest-established university research centre on this theme. In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) Law at Ulster University was ranked 4th overall in the UK. Ulster was ranked first for impact in law with 100% of impact rated as world-leading, the only University to achieve this in law.
Domestic terrorism or homegrown terrorism is a form of terrorism in which victims "within a country are targeted by a perpetrator with the same citizenship" as the victims. There are many definitions of terrorism, and none of them are universally accepted. The United States Department of State defined terrorism in 2003 as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience." There is no Federal criminal offense designated as domestic terrorism.
The Terrorists of Iraq: Inside the Strategy and Tactics of the Iraq Insurgency 2003–2014 is a non-fiction book about the Iraqi insurgency, written by U.S. Navy retired cryptology analyst Malcolm Nance. It was published by CRC Press in 2014. The book discusses the terrorist evolution of the Iraqi insurgency which led to the formation of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS). Nance cites the 2003 Iraq war by the Bush Administration for causing regional instability. He criticizes Coalition Provisional Authority leader Paul Bremer. The book emphasizes lessons the U.S. neglected to learn from the Vietnam War, the Iraqi revolt against the British, and the South Lebanon conflict. Nance writes in favor of the Iran nuclear deal framework by the Obama Administration, saying it is in the interests of all parties involved.
References
- ↑ "Database on Suicide Attacks". Chicago Project on Security and Threats . Retrieved April 27, 2021.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "Expanded Suicide Attack Database Now Online". Chicago Project on Security and Terrorism. May 7, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ Collard-Wexler, Simon; Pischedda, Constantino; Smith, Michael G. (June 2014). "Do Foreign Occupations Cause Suicide Attacks?". Journal of Conflict Resolution . 58 (4). doi:10.1177/0022002713478558.
- ↑ Hudson, Leila; Owens, Colin; Flannes, Matt] (September 15, 2011). 18 (3): 122–132. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00502.x.Cite journal requires
|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Bruce Andrew Eggers (Spring 2011). "Addressing the cause: an analysis of suicide terrorism" (PDF). Retrieved June 17, 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "International Statistics: Where to Start". University of Southern California. June 16, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)