David Joseph Watson (died September 15, 1948) was a member of the United States Navy who was executed by the U.S. government for a murder committed on the high seas (a federal offense). Watson was convicted of the murder of Benjamin Leroy Hobbs, a fellow seaman, aboard a U.S. naval ship that was docked in Florida. After two trials, Watson was executed in Florida's electric chair, since, at the time, federal death row inmates were executed in the state where they committed their offense, by the primary method of execution prescribed in that state. Watson was the third inmate executed on a federal death warrant under PresidentHarry S. Truman, as well as the second executed in Florida.
Newspaper accounts described Watson as a Black American "navy cook"[1] who was "short, stocky, and powerfully built," with an "above average" education.[2] He was a native of Norfolk, Virginia,[3] who spent some time in the Virginia Manual Labor School, a reform school in Petersburg, Virginia, when he was a teenager.[4] His victim, Benjamin Leroy Hobbs, was from Nebo, North Carolina and lived with his impoverished widowed mother. Hobbs was five days away from being honorably discharged, after which he planned to move in with his mother to help her with the family farm.[3]
In the early morning hours of July 25, 1946, in Key West, Florida, David Watson murdered Hobbs, a 19-year-old seaman. The two were aboard the USS Stribling, a naval ship, at the time of the murder; Hobbs' body was found in the ship's gun turret the next day.[2] Two days after the murder, authorities placed Watson in naval custody as he was the prime suspect in the murder. For two weeks, authorities carried out a "highly secret" manhunt to confirm the identity of the killer, monitoring Watson's shipmates as well to detect their movements and eliminate other suspects. Finally, after two weeks of searching and twelve days of keeping Watson in custody, the FBI and the office of naval intelligence extracted an oral confession from Watson. Watson confessed to committing the murder alone. His primary motive was sexual assault; he had attempted to sexually attack Hobbs in his bunk, but when Hobbs fought back, Watson decided to kill him to avoid detection and consequences for the sexual attack. After the attempted sexual assault, Watson bludgeoned and strangled Hobbs to death. Watson also robbed Hobbs of $1.78.[3][5]
When Watson was first arrested, he was held in a naval shipyard in Miami. Later, after authorities transported Watson to the county jail in Miami to await his trial for murder, they discovered an iron bar and two hidden razors on his person.[2]
Trials
Watson had two trials. During the first, which took place in October 1946, Watson's mother Inez, a schoolteacher born in Pennsylvania,[5] was reported to have attended many of the proceedings.[2] On October 4, 1946, Watson was convicted of first-degree murder, and the jury refused to recommend mercy, resulting in Watson receiving a death sentence. However, this first sentence was reversed on appeal sometime in 1947, and Watson earned a second trial.[6]
During Watson's second trial, his defense attempted to paint Watson as someone afflicted with a "psychopathic personality." Attorney A.C. Dressler stated during the defense's closing statements, "[Watson] has a warped mind; he is a lost soul. If you comply with the oath you took, you cannot kill. You cannot send this boy to the chair." Watson's other defense attorney, John G. Sawyer, argued that Watson should be put away in prison for life "for the good of society. His life should not be taken."[1]
However, the United States District Attorney working for the prosecution, Herbert S. Phillips, argued that Watson was a "cunning murderer." The prosecution, basing their arguments on Watson's confession, purported that Watson's motive for murdering Hobbs was to avoid detection and a court martial after Watson had attempted to commit a "pervert act" on Hobbs. Contrasting the defense's argument that Watson's psychopathy made him less responsible for his actions, Phillips read Watson's confession to the jury and stated that the confession showed that Watson was fully aware of his actions.[1]
The judge, John W. Holland, instructed the jury that if they agreed with the defense that Watson was not criminally responsible for his actions because of his purported psychopathy impairing his judgment, then the jury could not find him guilty of a crime higher than second-degree murder. As first-degree murder was the only murder charge punishable by death by the federal government at the time, the jury finding Watson guilty of second-degree murder or less would have saved his life.[1] However, the second trial concluded on August 7, 1947, and Watson was again convicted of first-degree murder; the jury again refused to recommend mercy, and Watson was again sentenced to death. Judge Holland formally passed the second sentence two weeks after the jury reached their verdict.[6]
Appeals and execution
Watson appealed his second death sentence to the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Florida. The first death sentence had been reversed due to an error involving the judge not instructing the jury on the possibility of Watson being found guilty of a lesser charge due to mental impairment.[1][6] However, on April 1, 1948, the second death sentence was affirmed, with the District Court finding that Watson's murder was "shocking" and committed with "vile motive," and that "the trial court went to great lengths to see to it that the defendant had a fair and lawful trial." The second appeal affirming his death sentence also pointed out that two separate juries had found Watson guilty of the same crime on the same "overwhelming evidence" and that the second trial was "free from reversible error," thereby paving the way for Watson to be executed.[6]
In one final attempt to save his life, Watson appealed to PresidentHarry S. Truman for clemency, but Truman refused to intervene in the sentence, making his intentions known a week prior to the scheduled execution date.[5]
According to the Associated Press, Watson spent his final hours praying with a minister and singing hymns. He also received a final visit from his mother. On the morning of Wednesday, September 15, 1948, Watson was executed in the electric chair at the Florida State Prison in Raiford, Florida, where Florida kept their electric chair. He was placed in the chair at 9:11 A.M. and pronounced dead a few minutes later. Watson was 23 years old at the time of his execution.[5]
Watson was the third federal inmate executed under President Truman and one of only two inmates executed on a federal execution warrant in Florida during the 20th century. Unlike the first, James Alderman, Watson was put to death in Florida's electric chair in the Union Correctional Institution while Alderman was hanged at the U.S. Coast Guard Station near Fort Lauderdale, Florida. At the time of Alderman's execution, it was customary for all federal inmates to be executed by hanging regardless of the method used by the state where they committed their capital crime. However, the law changed in 1936 following the botched hanging of Earl Gardner, a federal inmate in Arizona, where state law provided for executions by gas chamber.[7] From 1936 onward, federal inmates were executed by the method used by the state where they committed their capital crime. During both Alderman's execution in 1929 and Watson's execution in 1948, the electric chair was Florida's method of execution, as the state had adopted the electric chair in 1923 and, save for Alderman's federal execution, exclusively used the electric chair instead of hanging starting in October 1924.[8]
Presently, all federal executions take place in Terre Haute, Indiana and are carried out by lethal injection, regardless of the methods permitted for use in the state where an executed federal death row inmate was convicted of committing a capital crime.
In the United States, capital punishment is a legal penalty throughout the country at the federal level, in 27 states, and in American Samoa. It is also a legal penalty for some military offenses. Capital punishment has been abolished in 23 states and in the federal capital, Washington, D.C. It is usually applied for only the most serious crimes, such as aggravated murder. Although it is a legal penalty in 27 states, 20 states have the ability to execute death sentences, with the other seven, as well as the federal government, being subject to different types of moratoriums.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Arkansas.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Ohio, although all executions have been suspended indefinitely by Governor Mike DeWine until a replacement for lethal injection is chosen by the Ohio General Assembly. The last execution in the state was in July 2018, when Robert J. Van Hook was executed via lethal injection for murder.
Florida State Prison (FSP), otherwise known as Raiford Prison, is a correctional institution located in unincorporated Bradford County, Florida, with a Starke postal address. It was formerly known as the "Florida State Prison-East Unit" as it was originally part of Florida State Prison near Raiford. The facility, a part of the Florida Department of Corrections, is located on State Road 16 right across the border from Union County. The institution opened in 1961, even though construction was not completed until 1968. With a maximum population of over 1,400 inmates, FSP is one of the largest prisons in the state. FSP houses Florida's one of two male death row cell blocks and the State of Florida execution chamber. Union Correctional Institution also houses male death row inmates while Lowell Annex houses female death row inmates.
Capital punishment was abolished in Virginia on March 24, 2021, when Governor Ralph Northam signed a bill into law. The law took effect on July 1, 2021. Virginia is the 23rd state to abolish the death penalty, and the first southern state in United States history to do so.
Jerry White was executed by electric chair by the state of Florida in 1995 for the murder of James Melson, a shopper in a grocery store that White robbed in Orange County in 1981. White's execution was noteworthy due to witnesses reporting that White had an unusual reaction to the electricity. Later two separate death row inmates, Phillip Atkins and Thomas Harrison Provenzano, attempted to use White's execution as evidence that Florida's electric chair was malfunctioning and subjected death row inmates to cruel and unusual punishment.
Ángel Nieves Díaz was a Puerto Rican convict and a suspected serial killer who was executed by lethal injection by Florida. Nieves, who had escaped from a prison in Puerto Rico while serving time for murder, was convicted of shooting and killing the manager of a strip club in Florida in 1979. He maintained his innocence until his death.
James Donald French was an American double murderer who was the last person executed under Oklahoma's death penalty laws prior to Furman v. Georgia, which suspended capital punishment in the United States from 1972 until 1976.
John Eldon Smith was convicted of the murders of Ronald and Juanita Akins. He was executed by the state of Georgia via electric chair at the age of 53. He became the first person to be executed in Georgia since 1976 when the death penalty was reinstated.
Capital punishment in Alabama is a legal penalty. Alabama has the highest per capita capital sentencing rate in the United States. In some years, its courts impose more death sentences than Texas, a state that has a population five times as large. However, Texas has a higher rate of executions both in absolute terms and per capita.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
Capital punishment is currently a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kansas, although it has not been used since 1965.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of South Carolina. Between 1718 and 2021, more than 680 people have been executed in South Carolina. After the nationwide capital punishment ban was overturned in 1976, South Carolina has executed 43 people.
Capital punishment is a legal punishment in Pennsylvania. Despite remaining a legal penalty, there have been no executions in Pennsylvania since 1999, and only three since 1976. In February 2015, Governor Tom Wolf announced a formal moratorium on executions that is still in effect as of 2023, with incumbent Governor Josh Shapiro continuing Wolf's moratorium. However, capital crimes are still prosecuted and death warrants are still issued.
Wayne Charles Doty is an American double murderer currently on death row for the May 17, 2011 murder of 21-year-old fellow inmate Xavier Rodriguez.
Robert Austin Sullivan was an American man who was executed by the state of Florida in the electric chair for the 1973 murder of a Howard Johnson's restaurant manager. He was the second person to be executed in Florida after capital punishment was reinstated in 1976, and at the time of his execution, had been on death row longer than anyone else in the United States. His execution generated attention when Pope John Paul II personally pleaded for clemency to spare Sullivan's life, however, Governor Bob Graham refused the appeal. Sullivan was executed in 1983 and maintained his innocence to the end.
Edward Dean Kennedy was an American murderer and prison escapee who was executed for the murders of Florida state trooper Robert McDermon and McDermon's cousin Floyd Cone. The killings occurred just hours after Kennedy escaped from the Union Correctional Institution, where he was serving a life sentence for murder. Kennedy was sentenced to death for the murders of McDermon and Cone and was executed by the electric chair.
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