David Krackhardt

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David Krackhardt is Professor of Organizations at Heinz College and the Tepper School of Business, with courtesy appointments in the Department of Social and Decision Sciences (Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences) and the Machine Learning Department (School of Computer Science), all at Carnegie Mellon University in the United States, [1] and he also serves a Fellow of CEDEP, the European Centre for Executive Education, in France. He is notable for being the author of KrackPlot, a network visualization software designed for social network analysis which is widely used in academic research. [2] He is also the founder of the Journal of Social Structure.

Heinz College

The Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States is a private graduate college that consists of one of the nation's top-ranked public policy schools—the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration-accredited School of Public Policy & Management—and information schools—the School of Information Systems & Management. It is named for the late United States Senator H. John Heinz III (1938-1991) from Pennsylvania. The Heinz College is also a member of the Institute for Information Infrastructure Protection, one of 24 members of the iCaucus leadership of iSchools, and a founding member of the MetroLab Network, a national smart city initiative and New America's Public Interest Technology University Network.

The Tepper School of Business is the business school of Carnegie Mellon University. It is located in the university’s 140-acre (0.57 km2) campus in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US.

The Department of Social and Decision Sciences (SDS) is an interdisciplinary academic department within the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University. The Department of Social and Decision Sciences is headquartered in Porter Hall in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and is led by Department Head Linda C. Babcock. SDS has a world-class reputation for research and education programs in decision-making in public policy, economics, management, and the behavioral social sciences.

Contents

Career

Krackhardt received a BS degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a PhD from the University of California, Irvine. He joined the Johnson School of Management at Cornell as an assistant professor in 1984. He moved to Harvard Business School as a Marvin Bower Fellow for a year, before joining Heinz College in 1991. He has held visiting faculty positions at the University of Chicago, INSEAD, and the University of Bocconi in Italy.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology University in Massachusetts

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Institute is a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant university, with an urban campus that extends more than a mile (1.6 km) alongside the Charles River. The Institute also encompasses a number of major off-campus facilities such as the MIT Lincoln Laboratory, the Bates Center, and the Haystack Observatory, as well as affiliated laboratories such as the Broad and Whitehead Institutes. Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, MIT adopted a European polytechnic university model and stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. It has since played a key role in the development of many aspects of modern science, engineering, mathematics, and technology, and is widely known for its innovation and academic strength, making it one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the world.

University of California, Irvine public research university in Irvine, California, United States

The University of California, Irvine is a public research university in Irvine, California. It is one of the 10 campuses in the University of California (UC) system. UC Irvine offers 87 undergraduate degrees and 129 graduate and professional degrees. The university is classified as a Research I university and in 2017 had $361 million in research and development expenditures, according to the National Science Foundation. UC Irvine became a member of the Association of American Universities in 1996 and is the youngest university to hold membership. It is considered to be one of the "Public Ivies," meaning that it is among those publicly funded universities thought to provide a quality of education comparable to that of the Ivy League.

Harvard Business School business school in Boston, Massachusetts

Harvard Business School (HBS) is the graduate business school of Harvard University in Boston, Massachusetts. Consistently ranked among the top business schools in the world, the school offers a large full-time MBA program, management related doctoral programs, HBS Online and many executive education programs. It owns Harvard Business Publishing, which publishes business books, leadership articles, online management tools for corporate learning, case studies and the monthly Harvard Business Review. It is home to the Baker Library/Bloomberg Center.

Work

Krackhardt developed and showed the consequences of “cognitive social structures”, which capture how networks are perceived in a social environment. [3] [4] He created the E-I index, which describes the extent to which an organization is either silo-like or integrated in its informal structure and demonstrated how these structures affect an organization’s ability to deal with crises. [5] He also developed a set of graph theory-based measures of informal organizations for assessing an organization’s ability to confront a variety of strategic issues. [6] [7] In social network theory, perhaps he is best known for his concepts of “Philos ties” [8] and the “Simmelian tie”, [9] [10] [11] [12] which underscore the importance of, respectively, tie content and the local context in which network relations occur. Methodologically, his major contribution has been the development of the Multiple Regression Quadratic Assignment Procedure (MRQAP), a non-parametric approach to statistical analysis of network data. [13] [14] [15]

Cognitive social structures

Cognitive social structures (CSS) is the focus of research that investigates how individuals perceive their own social structure. It is part of social network research and uses social network analysis to understand how various factors affect one's cognitive representation of the network. Importantly, an individual's perception of the network may be different than reality. In fact, these differences between the perceived network and the actual network are the focus of many studies that seek insight into how we think about others and our relationships.

Simmelian tie

A simmelian tie is a type of an interpersonal tie, a concept used in the social network analysis. For a simmelian tie to exist, there must be three or more of reciprocal strong ties in a group. A simmelian tie is seen as an even stronger tie than a regular strong tie.

Selected publications

Books

International Standard Book Number Unique numeric book identifier

The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.

Articles

See also

Related Research Articles

Herbert A. Simon American political scientist, economist, sociologist, and psychologist

Herbert Alexander Simon was an American economist, political scientist and cognitive psychologist, whose primary research interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing". He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 and the Turing Award in 1975. His research was noted for its interdisciplinary nature and spanned across the fields of cognitive science, computer science, public administration, management, and political science. He was at Carnegie Mellon University for most of his career, from 1949 to 2001.

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses many aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as attention, the formation of knowledge, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and "computation", problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge.

Allen Newell was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology. He contributed to the Information Processing Language (1956) and two of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theory Machine (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957). He was awarded the ACM's A.M. Turing Award along with Herbert A. Simon in 1975 for their basic contributions to artificial intelligence and the psychology of human cognition.

Social network analysis Analysis of social structures using network and graph theory

Social network analysis (SNA) is the process of investigating social structures through the use of networks and graph theory. It characterizes networked structures in terms of nodes and the ties, edges, or links that connect them. Examples of social structures commonly visualized through social network analysis include social media networks, memes spread, information circulation, friendship and acquaintance networks, business networks, knowledge networks, difficult working relationships, social networks, collaboration graphs, kinship, disease transmission, and sexual relationships. These networks are often visualized through sociograms in which nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines. These visualizations provide a means of qualitatively assessing networks by varying the visual representation of their nodes and edges to reflect attributes of interest.

Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation. Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society.

Outline of thought Overview of and topical guide to thought

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Interpersonal ties

In mathematical sociology, interpersonal ties are defined as information-carrying connections between people. Interpersonal ties, generally, come in three varieties: strong, weak or absent. Weak social ties, it is argued, are responsible for the majority of the embeddedness and structure of social networks in society as well as the transmission of information through these networks. Specifically, more novel information flows to individuals through weak rather than strong ties. Because our close friends tend to move in the same circles that we do, the information they receive overlaps considerably with what we already know. Acquaintances, by contrast, know people that we do not, and thus receive more novel information.

The Krackhardt E/I Ratio is a social network measure which the relative density of internal connections within a social group compared to the number of connections that group has to the external world. It was so described in a 1988 paper by David Krackhardt and Robert N. Stern noting the increased effectiveness in moments of crisis of organizations which had stronger informal networks that crossed formal internal group structures.

David Klahr Developmental psychologist

David Klahr is an American psychologist whose research ranges across the fields of cognitive development, psychology of science, and educational psychology and has been a professor at Carnegie Mellon University since 1969. He is the Walter van Dyke Bingham Professor of Cognitive Development and Education Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University and a member of the National Academy of Education, a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, a Charter Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science, on the Governing Board of the Cognitive Development Society, a member of the Society for Research in Child Development, and the Cognitive Science Society. He was an associate editor of Developmental Psychology and has served on the editorial boards of several cognitive science journals, as well as on the National Science Foundation's subcommittee on Memory and Cognitive Processes, and the National Institutes of Health's Human Development and Aging Study Section.

Martin Kilduff is a British academic. He is Professor of Management at the UCL School of Management.

Kathleen M. Carley is an American social scientist specializing in dynamic network analysis. She is a professor in the School of Computer Science in the Institute for Software Research International at Carnegie Mellon University and also holds appointments in the Tepper School of Business, the Heinz College, the Department of Engineering and Public Policy, and the Department of Social and Decision Sciences.

Social network Theoretical concept in sociology

A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors, sets of dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics.

A clique, in the social sciences, is a group of individuals who interact with one another and share similar interests. Interacting with cliques is part of normative social development regardless of gender, ethnicity or popularity. Although cliques are most commonly studied during adolescence and middle childhood development, they exist in all age groups. They are often bound together by shared social characteristics such as ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Examples of common or stereotypical adolescent cliques include athletes, nerds, and "outsiders".

Daniel Joseph (Dan) Brass is an American organizational theorist and Professor of Innovation Management at the University of Kentucky, and Director of its LINKS Center for Social Network.

Krackhardt kite graph

In graph theory, the Krackhardt kite graph is a simple graph with ten nodes. The graph is named after David Krackhardt, a researcher of social network theory.

Cognitive assets are tangible and intangible organizational assets that constitute sources of the cognition that is necessary for action coordination. These assets allow for the integrity and efficiency of the multiple conversions of individual knowledge into organizational knowledge.

References

  1. ↑ "Carnegie Mellon University faculty directory". Archived from the original on 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  2. ↑ "KrackPlot 3.0: An improved network drawing program". D Krackhardt, J Blythe, C McGrath - Connections, 1994
  3. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1987). “Cognitive Social Structures.” Social Networks, 9: 109-134
  4. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1990). “Assessing the Political Landscape: Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35:342-369
  5. ↑ Krackhardt, D., & R. Stern (1988). “Informal Networks and Organizational Crises: An Experimental Simulation.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 51:123-140
  6. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1994). “Graph Theoretical Dimensions of Informal Organizations.” In K. Carley & M. Prietula (eds.), Computational Organizational Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. pp. 89-111
  7. ↑ Everett, M. & D. Krackhardt (2012). “A Second Look at Krackhardt’s Graph Theoretical Dimensions of Informal Organizations.” Social Networks, 34(2): 159-163
  8. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1992). “The Strength of Strong Ties: The Importance of Philos in Organizations.” In N. Nohria & R. Eccles (eds.), Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, pp. 216-239
  9. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1999). “The Ties that Torture: Simmelian Tie Analysis in Organizations”. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 16:183-210
  10. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1998). “Simmelian Ties: Super Strong and Sticky.” In R. Kramer & M. Neale (eds.), Power and Influence in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 21-38
  11. ↑ Krackhardt, D. & M. Kilduff (1999). “Whether Close or Far: Perceptions of Balance in Friendship Networks in Organizations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76:770-782
  12. ↑ Tortoriello, M., & D. Krackhardt (2010). “”Activating Cross-Boundary Knowledge: The Role of Simmelian Ties in the Generation of Innovations.” Academy of Management Journal, 53:167-181
  13. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1987). “QAP Partialling as a Test of Spuriousness.” Social Networks, 9:171-186
  14. ↑ Krackhardt, D. (1988). “Predicting with Networks: A Multiple Regression Approach to Analyzing Dyadic Data.” Social Networks, 10:359-381
  15. ↑ Dekker, D., D. Krackhardt, & T. A. B. Snijders (2007). “Sensitivity of MRQAP Tests to Collinearity and Autocorrelation Conditions.” Psychometrika, 72:563-581
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