Related Research Articles
The Hamidian massacres also called the Armenian massacres, were massacres of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1890s. Estimated casualties ranged from 100,000 to 300,000, resulting in 50,000 orphaned children. The massacres are named after Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who, in his efforts to maintain the imperial domain of the declining Ottoman Empire, reasserted pan-Islamism as a state ideology. Although the massacres were aimed mainly at the Armenians, in some cases they turned into indiscriminate anti-Christian pogroms, including the Diyarbekir massacres, where, at least according to one contemporary source, up to 25,000 Assyrians were also killed.
Humanitarian intervention is the use or threat of military force by a state across borders with the intent of ending severe and widespread human rights violations in a state which has not given permission for the use of force. Humanitarian interventions are aimed at ending human rights violations of individuals other than the citizens of the intervening state. Humanitarian interventions are only intended to prevent human rights violations in extreme circumstances. Attempts to establish institutions and political systems to achieve positive outcomes in the medium- to long-run, such as peacekeeping, peace-building and development aid, do not fall under this definition of a humanitarian intervention.
Italian fascism, also known as classical fascism or simply fascism, is the original fascist ideology as developed in Italy by Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini. The ideology is associated with a series of two political parties led by Benito Mussolini: the National Fascist Party (PNF), which ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 until 1943, and the Republican Fascist Party (PFR) that ruled the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945. Italian fascism is also associated with the post-war Italian Social Movement (MSI) and subsequent Italian neo-fascist movements.
Italians in Egypt, also referred to as Italian Egyptians, are Egyptian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Egypt during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Egypt. This Italian community have a history that goes back to Roman times.
The National Fascist Party was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian fascism and as a reorganisation of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. The party ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome until the fall of the Fascist regime in 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. It was succeeded, in the territories under the control of the Italian Social Republic, by the Republican Fascist Party, ultimately dissolved at the end of World War II.
The Italian protectorate of Albania, also known as the Kingdom of Albania or Greater Albania, existed as a puppet state and protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy under Fascism. It was practically a union between Italy and Albania, officially led by Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III and its government: Albania was led by Italian governors, after being militarily occupied by Italy, from 1939 until 1943. During this time, Albania ceased to exist as an independent country and became an autonomous part of the Italian Empire. Officials intended to make Albania part of a Greater Italy by assimilating Albanians as Italians and colonizing Albania with Italian settlers from the Italian Peninsula to transform it gradually into an Italian land.
Expansionism refers to states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism.
The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, also known as the Geneva Graduate Institute, is a public-private, government-accredited postgraduate institution of higher education located in Geneva, Switzerland.
The Principality of the Pindus is a name given to describe a self-declared autonomous Aromanian political entity in the territory of Greece during World War II.
Imperialism, colonialism and irredentism played an important role in the foreign policy of Fascist Italy. Among the regime's goals were the acquisition of territory considered historically Italian in France and Yugoslavia, the expansion of Italy's sphere of influence into the Balkans and the acquisition of more colonies in Africa. The pacification of Libya (1923–32), the invasion of Ethiopia (1935–36), the invasion of Albania (1939), the invasion of France (1940), the invasion of Greece (1940–41) and the invasion of Yugoslavia (1941) were all undertaken in part to add to Italy's national space. According to historian Patrick Bernhard, Fascist Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini, particularly in Africa, served as a model for the much more famous expansionism of Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe.
Spazio vitale was the territorial expansionist concept of Italian Fascism. It was defined in universal terms as "that part of the globe over which extends either the vital requirements or expansionary impetus of a state with strong unitary organization which seeks to satisfy its needs by expanding beyond its national boundaries". Spazio vitale was analogous to Nazi Germany's concept of Lebensraum.
Julian Venice and Dalmatia refers to the province in the Kingdom of Italy during the interwar period that was composed of the Julian March, Zadar, and Lastovo as well as territorial claims on the remainder of Dalmatia held by Yugoslavia. The province was dissolved in 1941 during World War II, with Zadar and Lastovo joining Italian annexed territories of Dalmatia from Yugoslavia in the Governorate of Dalmatia.
This is a bibliography of notable works about the Ottoman Empire.
The Constantinople massacre of 1821 was orchestrated by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire against the Greek community of Constantinople in retaliation for the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1830). As soon as the first news of the Greek uprising reached the Ottoman capital, there occurred mass executions, pogrom-type attacks, destruction of churches, and looting of the properties of the city's Greek population. The events culminated with the hanging of the Ecumenical Patriarch, Gregory V and the beheading of the Grand Dragoman, Konstantinos Mourouzis.
The 1942 Montenegro offensive was an Italian-led counter-insurgency operation of World War II, which targeted the Yugoslav Partisans in the Italian governorate of Montenegro and the eastern Herzegovina region of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). It was carried out from mid-May to June 1942, with Chetnik forces taking part on the Italian side. The offensive followed the conclusion of the joint German-Italian Operation Trio in eastern Bosnia. Together these two operations comprise what was known as the Third Enemy Offensive in Yugoslav historiography.
The Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies offers comprehensive and specialized postgraduate training programmes for professionals active in the humanitarian sector. It is a joint centre of the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies It is one of the few institutes dedicated to the study of humanitarian action.
The Candia massacre occurred on 6 September 1898, on Crete, then part of the Ottoman Empire. It occurred as a reaction by armed Muslim irregular groups (Bashi-bazouks) to the offer to the Christian community of a series of civil rights by foreign powers. They attacked the British security force in Candia, which was part of an international security force on the island.
Gilles Carbonnier is the vice-president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and professor of development economics at Geneva’s Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHIED).
The Pridvorica massacre was the mass killing of 180 Serb civilians by Muslim members of the Croatian fascist Ustaše movement on 7 January 1942, during World War II.
Vincent Chetail is a legal scholar and professor of public international law specializing in international migration law and refugee law at the Geneva Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Switzerland. He is also a senior research associate at the University of London's Refugee Law Initiative.
References
- ↑ "Davide RODOGNO | IHEID". www.graduateinstitute.ch. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
- ↑ "Davide RODOGNO | IHEID". www.graduateinstitute.ch. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
- ↑ "Former Fellows & Guests". Institute for Transnational & Spatial History. 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ↑ "Autori e studenti premiati 2003-2004-2005 | Feudo di Maida" (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ↑ Burgwyn, H. James (September 2008). "Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War. By Davide Rodogno. Translated by, Adrian Belton. New Studies in European History. Edited by, Peter Baldwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. v+504. $99.00". The Journal of Modern History. 80 (3): 694–696. doi:10.1086/593432. ISSN 0022-2801.
- ↑ Hametz, M. E. (2007-06-01). "DAVIDE RODOGNO. Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War. Translated by ADRIAN BELTON. (New Studies in European History.) New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006. Pp. xxi, 504. $99.00". The American Historical Review. 112 (3): 949–950. doi:10.1086/ahr.112.3.949. ISSN 0002-8762.
- ↑ "Fascism's European Empire | Printed_Matter" . Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ↑ "Prof Davide Rodogno". Geneva Centre of Humanitarian Studies. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
- ↑ "Review of *Humanitarian Photography: A History* | Society for US Intellectual History" . Retrieved 2023-11-29.
- ↑ Mirkova, Anna (September 2013). "Book Review: Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914". Journal of World History. 24 (3): 715–718 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ Fleet, Kate (29 May 2013). "Book Review: Against Massacre. Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914 By DAVIDE RODOGNO". Journal of Islamic Studies. 25 (1): 77–79.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
