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Sexual objectification is the act of treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire. Objectification more broadly means treating a person as a commodity or an object without regard to their personality or dignity. Objectification is most commonly examined at the level of a society,but can also refer to the behavior of individuals and is a type of dehumanization.
Biphobia is aversion toward bisexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being bisexual. Similarly to homophobia,it refers to hatred and prejudice specifically against those identified or perceived as being in the bisexual community. It can take the form of denial that bisexuality is a genuine sexual orientation,or of negative stereotypes about people who are bisexual. Other forms of biphobia include bisexual erasure.
Heterosexism is a system of attitudes,bias,and discrimination in favor of heterosexuality and heterosexual relationships. According to Elizabeth Cramer,it can include the belief that all people are or should be heterosexual and that heterosexual relationships are the only norm and therefore superior.
In social philosophy,objectification is the act of treating a person as an object or a thing. It is part of dehumanization,the act of disavowing the humanity of others. Sexual objectification,the act of treating a person as a mere object of sexual desire,is a subset of objectification,as is self-objectification,the objectification of one's self. In Marxism,the objectification of social relationships is discussed as "reification".
In social justice theory,internalized oppression is a recognized understanding in which an oppressed group accepts the methods and incorporates the oppressive message of the oppressing group against their own best interest. Rosenwasser (2002) defines it as believing,adopting,accepting,and incorporating the negative beliefs provided by the oppressor as the truth.
Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian,gay or bisexual. It has been defined as contempt,prejudice,aversion,hatred or antipathy,may be based on irrational fear and may sometimes be attributed to religious beliefs.
Gregory M. Herek is a researcher,author,and professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis (UCD). He has conducted extensive research on prejudice against sexual minorities,and coined the term sexual prejudice as a replacement for homophobia to describe this phenomenon. Herek argued that using the term homophobia incorrectly assumes that negative responses to lesbian,gay,and bisexual people are founded in pathological,irrational fear,whereas psychological research indicates they are more accurately regarded as a form of prejudice. Herek is an openly and prominent gay psychologist. Herek is considered one of the most influential scholars of sexual minorities.
Internalized sexism is a form of sexist behavior and attitudes enacted by women toward themselves or other women and girls. Internalized sexism is a form of internalized oppression,which "consists of oppressive practices that continue to make the rounds even when members of the oppressor group are not present." Internalized sexism can have a range of effects on women and girls such as problems with mental health and body image. Modes of internalization of sexism include early childhood inculturation and consumption of media,while language can also moderate power imbalances between groups and perpetuate internalized sexism.
Carol D. Goodheart is an American psychologist and a past president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Goodheart worked as a nurse before entering psychology. She completed a doctorate in counseling psychology from Rutgers University. While serving as the 2010 APA president,Goodheart supported the Presidential Task Force on Advancing Practice and the Presidential Task Force on Caregivers. Goodheart is in private practice in Princeton,New Jersey.
Domestic violence within lesbian relationships is the pattern of violent and coercive behavior in a female same-sex relationship wherein a lesbian or other non-heterosexual woman seeks to control the thoughts,beliefs,or conduct of her female intimate partner. In the case of multiple forms of domestic partner abuse,it is also referred to as lesbian battering.
Julie Ancis currently is a Distinguished Professor of Informatics at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. She served as the interim chair of the Department of Informatics and was also a Professor of Psychology and the inaugural Director of Cyberpsychology at the New Jersey Institute of Technology. She was previously a professor at Georgia State University for 15 years and Associate Vice President of Diversity at Georgia Institute of Technology. Ancis is an expert in the areas of cyberpsychology,multicultural competence and diversity. She has authored 4 books and over 80 scholarly publications.
Beverly Greene is a professor in the Department of Psychology at St. John's University. She is a clinical psychologist known for her work on sexism,racism,and analyzing the intersectionality of social identities. As a specialist in the psychology of women and of gender and racial issues in the practice of psychotherapy,Greene has also created many public health frameworks for understanding mental health in marginalized communities. She is the author of close to 100 psychological literature publications. Greene is involved with the Association for Women in Psychology and the Society for the Psychology of Women. She is one of sixteen women to have received the Distinguished Publication Award (DPA) from the Association for Women in Psychology in 2008.
Sharon Horne is a scientist known for conducting research on LGBTQ issues,mental health and college student development,and international psychology concerns. Horne is Professor of Counseling Psychology and the Director of Training for the American Psychological Association Accredited Counseling Psychology Ph.D. Program at the University of Massachusetts Boston. She is a representative to the APA International Psychology Network for Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transgender and Intersex Issues (IPsyNet),and chaired the policy committee that drafted the IpsyNet Statement and Commitment on LGBTI Concerns.
Silvia Sara Canetto is a psychologist known for her research in diversity issues related to suicidal behaviors,aging,and end of life. She is a professor of applied social health psychology,and counseling psychology at Colorado State University (CSU).
Elizabeth Mitchell Altmaier is a counseling psychologist whose clinical and academic work has focused on issues related to overcoming life-threatening and traumatic circumstances. Altmaier is Professor Emeritus at the University of Iowa.
Oliva Maria Espín is a Cuban American counseling psychologist known for her pioneering intellectual contributions to feminist therapy,immigration,and women's studies,and her advocacy on behalf of refugee women to help them to gain access to mental health services. Her interdisciplinary scholarly work brings together perspectives from sociology,politics,and religion to further understanding of issues and barriers related to gender,sexuality,language,and race. She is in the vanguard of transnational psychology,that applies transnational feminist lenses to the field of psychology to study,understand,and address the impact of colonization,imperialism,and globalization. She is the first Latina Professor Emerita of Women’s Studies at San Diego State University.
Ellen Kitch Childs was an American clinical psychologist and a lesbian activist known for her participation in the women's liberation movement in North America and for advocating for minority women,prostitutes,gays and lesbians. She was a founding member of the University of Chicago's Gay Liberation and the first African American woman to earn her doctorate degree in Human Development at the University of Chicago.
Judith Peschya Worell is a licensed clinical psychologist whose work has focused on developing a feminist model for counseling and psychotherapy. She is Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Kentucky.
Martha Tamara Shuch Mednick was a feminist psychologist known for her work on women,gender,race and social class. She was a professor of psychology at Howard University from 1968 until her retirement in 1995.
Nadya A. Fouad is an American vocational psychologist. She is the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Vocational Behavior and distinguished professor and chair of the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
References
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- 1 2 3 "Dawn M. Szymanski, Ph.D. CV" (PDF). psychology.utk.edu. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ Balsam, Kimberly F.; Szymanski, Dawn M. (September 1, 2005). "Relationship Quality and Domestic Violence in Women's Same-Sex Relationships: The Role of Minority Stress". Psychology of Women Quarterly . 29 (3): 258–269. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00220.x. S2CID 144366701 . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ Szymansk, Dawn M. (February 2006). "Does Internalized Heterosexism Moderate the Link Between Heterosexist Events and Lesbians' Psychological Distress?". Sex Roles . 54 (3–4): 227–234. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9340-4. S2CID 143093750 . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- 1 2 "Dawn Szymanski faculty profile". psychology.utk.edu. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ "INSIGHT". trace.tennessee.edu. 2007. p. 2. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- 1 2 "Recently Honored Fellows" (PDF). tamarackplace.com. 2011. p. 9. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ "LGBT Ally Award (2009)". trace.tennessee.edu. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Faculty News and Notes". news.utk.edu. August 26, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ Szymanski, Dawn M. (2020). "Lifting Feminist Voices". Psychology of Women Quarterly . 44 (1): 8–10. doi: 10.1177/0361684319893281 . S2CID 212886253.
- ↑ "Angie Warren Perkins Award (2010)" . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Psychology's top honors". apa.org. September 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ Szymanski, Dawn M.; Feltman, Chandra (August 31, 2015). "What's the psychological toll of being a Hooters waitress?". The Conversation . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ "University Study Finds Adverse Psychological Effects for Women Who Work in "Breastaurants"". wiareport.com. July 31, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ Mikorski, Renee; Szymanski, Dawn M. (May 26, 2017). "Sexually Objectifying Environments: Power, Rumination, and Waitresses' Anxiety and Disordered Eating". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 41 (3): 314–324. doi:10.1177/0361684317709438. S2CID 148594980 . Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Dawn Szymanski receives national award". psychology.utk.edu. 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
- ↑ "Dawn Szymanski selected as the editor of Psychology of Women Quarterly". psychology.utk.edu. 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2020.