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Pre-leadership Leader of the Soviet Union Political ideology Works
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Joseph Stalin's purges and massacres between 1936 and the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany (Great Purge) had about one million victims. This list includes some of the most prominent victims along with the date of their deaths. Except where otherwise stated, the date is that on which the individual was executed by shooting.
July
9 Aghasi Khanjian (murdered by Lavrentiy Beria or suicide)
August
22 Mikhail Tomsky (suicide)
25 Grigori Zinoviev, [1] Lev Kamenev, Grigori Yevdokimov, Ivan Bakayev, Sergei Mrachkovsky, Ivan Smirnov, Vagarshak Ter-Vaganyan.
September
25 (Genrikh Yagoda dismissed from his post as head of the NKVD, and replaced by Nikolai Yezhov)
October
3 Platon Volkov [2]
November
23 Boris Pinson
December
28 Nestor Lakoba (suspected poisoning)
January
10 Martemyan Ryutin, Ivar Smilga, Pyotr Zalutsky.
February
1 Georgy Pyatakov, [3] Mikhail Boguslavsky, Yakov Drobnis, Nikolai Muralov, Leonid Serebryakov.
18 Sergo Ordzhonikidze (possibly suicide)
March
May
26 Vladimir Nevsky, Alexander Slepkov, Vladimir Smirnov
31 Yan Gamarnik (suicide), Nikolai Uglanov
June
12 Mikhail Tukhachevsky, [4] Roberts Eidemanis, Boris Feldman, August Kork, Vitaly Primakov, Vitovt Putna, Ieronim Uborevich, Iona Yakir.
17 Max Levien
19 Yakov Doletsky (suicide), Dmitry Shmidt [5]
20 Mark Gai, [6] Andreu Nin (murdered in Barcelona), Jan Sten
July
1 Anatoliy Gekker, Matvei Vasilenko
2 Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, Lev Sosnovsky
16 Vladimir Kirillov, Pavel Vasiliev
19 Budu Mdivani
22 Paolo Iashvili (suicide)
August
7 Oscar Ryvkin, Nikolai Sollogub
13 Aleksandr Voronsky, Boris Didkovsky
14 Leopold Averbakh, [7] Karl Pauker, Ivan Zaporozhets Leonty Ugryumov
19 Ivan Kataev
21 Artur Artuzov, Adolf Warski, Leon Gaikis
25 Johannes Raudmets, Boris Steiger ru
27 Igor Akulov
30 Panas Lyubchenko (suicide)
September
2 Grigol Lordkipanidze (died while under interrogation), Alexander Shliapnikov
4 Ignace Reiss (murdered in Switzerland), Evgeny Pashukanis
10 Sergei Medvedev, Hayk Ovsepyan, David Petrovsky, Sergei Syrtsov, Sergei Tretyakov
20 Lev Karakhan, [8] Marcian Germanovich, Nikolai Kashirin, Ivan Smolin, Ivan Teodorovich, Henryk Walecki
21 Seit Devdariani, Julian Lenski
28 Sergei Mezheninov, Timofei Sapronov
October
3 Alexander Chayanov, Hans Kippenberger, Willy Leow
13 Bekir Çoban-zade, Ahmad Javad
14 Karl Bauman
15 Dmitry Fesenko, Evgen Gvaladze, Pamphylia Tanailidi
29 Yakau Branshteyn, Anani Dziakaŭ, Platon Halavach, Valery Marakou, Anatol Volny [9] Vladimir Milyutin, Sergei Sedov
30 Ivan Akulov, Mikhail Chudov, Mendel Khatayevich, Aleksei Kiselyov, Alexander Krinitsky, Vladimir Polonsky, Mikhail Razumov, Alexander Shotman, Avel Yenukidze, [8] Ivan Zhukov
November
1 Kuzebay Gerd, Milan Gorkic, Gustaw Henrykowski
11 Sergei Chavain, Olyk Ipai, Shabdar Osyp
15 Gleb Bokii
20 Metropolitan Joseph (Petrovykh)
21 Fyodor Golovin, Adrian Piotrovsky,
26 Yakov Hanecki, Heinz Neumann, Alexander Krasnoshchyokov, Leonid Kurchevsky, Emanuel Kviring
27 Yeghishe Charents, Aino Forsten, Eero Haapalainen, Ruben Rubenov, Daniil Sulimov
28 Rose Cohen
December
3 Shalva Eliava, Boris Skibine
10 Rashid Khan Kaplanov, Vladimir Lyubimov, Movses Silikyan
11 Jaan Anvelt (died from torture under interrogation), Hayk Bzhishkyan, Seraphim Chichagov, Mamia Orakhelashvili [8]
16 Giorgi Mazniashvili, Titsian Tabidze
31 James Lewin
January
8 Jūlijs Daniševskis, Mikhail Plisetski
11 Erwin Bauer, Arvid Kubbel, Georgy Langemak
15 Anna Tieke
20 Juho Perala, Nikolai Zhilyayev
February
8 Tikhon Khvesin, Nikolai Kuzmin, John Pepper
9 Vaino Kallio, Romuald Muklevich, Gazanfar Musabekov
10 Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Christophor Araratov, Alexander Beloborodov, Maksim Haretski, Grigory Kaminsky, Joseph Meerzon, Alexander Serebrovsky, Aleksandr Smirnov
11 Asser Salo
17 Abram Slutsky (poisoned)
18 Georgii Frederiks, Dmitry Mushketov, Julian Shchutsky,
26 Jukka Ahti, Abram Markson, Tyyne Salomaa
March
15 Nikolai Bukharin, Alexei Rykov, Genrikh Yagoda, Pavel Bulanov, Mikhail Chernov, Hryhoriy Hrynko, Akmal Ikramov, Vladimir Ivanov, Nikolai Krestinsky, Pyotr Kryuchkov, Arkady Rosengolts, Vasily Sharangovich, Isaac Zelensky, Prokopy Zubarev, [10] Valentin Trifonov.
April
21 Sultan Majid Afandiyev, Oskari Ikonen, Boris Pilnyak, Huseyn Rahmanov, Kustaa Rovio, Suren Shadunts
23 Kasyan Chaykovsky (died under interrogation)
25 Jekabs Peterss, Ivan Mezhlauk
May
29 Hans Hellmann, Solomon Levit
June
20 Vladimir Gorev, Nikolai Janson
21 Nikolai Goloded (suicide during an interrogation)
July
28 Yakov Davydov, Terenty Deribas, Vladimir Kirshon, Yakov Alksnis, Izrail Leplevsky, Maksim Ammosov, Vladimir Orlov, Mikhail Sangursky, Alexander Svechin, Ioakhim Vatsetis
29 [11] Janis Rudzutaks, Nikolai Antipov, Moisei Frumkin ru , Vilhelm Knorin, Nikolai Krylenko, Valery Mezhlauk, Vasily Schmidt, Boris Shumyatsky, Matvey Skobelev, Jozef Unszlicht, Amatuni Vartapetyan, Yakov Yakovlev, Volodymyr Zatonsky
Ivan Belov, Yan Berzin, Anton Bulin, Ivan Dubovoy, Pavel Dybenko, Sergei Gribov, Ivan Gryaznov, Innokenty Khalepsky, Vasiliy Khripin, Grigory Kireyev, Yepifan Kovtyukh, Mikhail Levandovsky, Alexander Sedyakin, Ivan Tkachev
August
1 Yakov Agranov, Alexander Bekzadyan, Eduard Berzin, Andrei Bubnov, Aleksei Stetsky, Semyon Uritsky, Yan Gaylit, Ivan Kosogov, Nikolay Kuibyshev, Mikhail Viktorov, Konstantin Yurenev
19 Nikolai Krivoruchko, Vasiliy Mantsev, Nikolay Pakhomov
22 Pyotr Feldman, Vladimir Gittis, Vilhelm Garf, Lavrenti Kartvelashvili, Pavel Sytin
26 Andrei Sazontov, Sofia Sokolovskaya, Mikhail Svechnikov
29 Jan Antonovich Berzin, [12] Pyotr Bryanskikh, Boris Kamkov, [12] Béla Kun, [12] Jamshid Nakhchivanski, Lev Mironov ru , Leonid Zakovsky [13]
September
1 Nikolai Bryukhanov, [12] Mieczysław Broński, [12] Valerian Osinsky [12]
7 Nikolai Gorbunov, [12] Karim Mammadbeyov, Nikolai Zimin
8 Mikhail Amelin, Ivan Nikulin
17 Bruno Jasienski, Nikolai Kondratiev
20 Boris Kornilov, Theodore Maly
October
4 Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov
12 Matti Airola (died in prison), Maximilian Kravkov
27 Khadija Gayibova, Artemic Khalatov
November
9 Vasily Blyukher (beaten to death by the NKVD interrogator, Lev Shvartzman)
22 (Nikolai Yezhov dismissed as head of the NKVD, and replaced by Lavrentiy Beria)
December
27 Osip Mandelstam (died in a labour camp), Boris Gorev
30 Georgy Lomov
January
15 Kullervo Manner (died in a labour camp)
February
10 Bela Szekely
22 Boris Berman, Grigory Khakhanyan
23 Alexander Kosarev, Alexander Yegorov
25 Boris Pozern, Pyotr Smorodin
26 Vlas Chubar, Stanislaw Kosior, Levon Mirzoyan, Pavel Postyshev
March
7 Alexey Bakulin, Matvei Berman, Volf Bronner, Hermann Remmele
10 Georgy Bondar, Ehsanollah Khan Dustdar
15 Leo Flieg
April
6 Nikolai Bekryashev (died in a labour camp)
15 Aleksei Gastev, Dmitry Shakhovskoy
16 Efrem Eshba
May
19 Karl Radek (murdered in a labour camp)
21 Grigori Sokolnikov (murdered in a labour camp)
June
6 Prince Dmitri.Mirsky (died in a labour camp)
July
9 Maria Koszutska (died in prison)
August
16 Martha Ruben-Wolf (suicide)
October
31 Platon Oyunsky (died in prison)
January
27 Isaac Babel
28 Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev, Aleksandr Uspensky
February
2 Robert Eikhe, Mikhail Koltsov, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Mikhail Trilisser, Yefim Yevdokimov
3 Mikhail Frinovsky, Nikolai Yezhov [14]
May
7 Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov
June
23 Toivo Alavirta (died in a labour camp)
August
20 Leon Trotsky (assassinated in Mexico)
October 16 Boris Stomonyakov
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Novodevichy Cemetery is a cemetery in Moscow. It lies next to the southern wall of the 16th-century Novodevichy Convent, which is the city's third most popular tourist site.
Genrikh Grigoryevich Yagoda was a Soviet secret police official who served as director of the NKVD, the Soviet Union's security and intelligence agency, from 1934 to 1936. Appointed by Joseph Stalin, Yagoda supervised arrests, show trials, and executions of the Old Bolsheviks Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, climactic events of the Great Purge. Yagoda also supervised construction of the White Sea–Baltic Canal with Naftaly Frenkel, using penal labor from the gulag system, during which 12,000–25,000 laborers died.
Yakov Saulovich Agranov was the first chief of the Soviet Main Directorate of State Security and a deputy of NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda. He is known as one of main organizers of Soviet political repressions and Stalinist show trials in the 1920s and 1930s. He fabricated the "Tagantsev conspiracy" case and the Moscow trials, including the Trial of the Twenty One and the Industrial Party Trial, as well as mass arrests and executions in Saint Petersburg during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge.
The New Donskoy Cemetery is a 20th-century necropolis sprawling to the south from the Donskoy Monastery in the south-west of Central Moscow. It has been closed for new burials since the 1980s.
Russian Mind is a pan-European sociopolitical and cultural magazine, published on a monthly basis both in Russian and in English. The modern edition follows the traditions of the magazine laid down in 1880 by its founder, Vukol Mikhailovich Lavrov. At the time of its first publications, Russkaya Mysl,, adhered to moderate constitutionalism – the idea which paved the way for the ideological and organizational creation of the Cadet Party.
The Kommunarka firing range, former dacha of secret police chief Genrikh Yagoda, was used as a burial ground from 1937 to 1941. Executions may have been carried out there by the NKVD during the Great Terror and until the war started; alternatively, bodies of those shot elsewhere might have been brought there for later interment. As Russian historian Arseny Roginsky explained: "firing range" was a popular euphemism adopted to describe mysterious and closely-guarded plots of land that the NKVD began to set aside for mass burials on the eve of the Great Terror.
Events from the year 1893 in Russia.
Pavel Petrovich Bulanov was an NKVD officer and secretary to Genrikh Yagoda, who became head of the NKVD in July 1934. Bulanov served as the first head of the Special Council of the NKVD.
The leaders of the Russian Civil War listed below include the important political and military figures of the Russian Civil War. The conflict, fought largely from 7 November 1917 to 25 October 1922, was fought between numerous factions, the two largest being the Bolsheviks and the White Movement. While the Bolsheviks were centralized under the administration of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), led by Vladimir Lenin, along with their various satellite and buffer states, the White Movement was more decentralized, functioning as a loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces united only in opposition to their common enemy - though from September 1918 to April 1920, the White Armies were nominally united under the administration of the Russian State, when, for nearly two years, Admiral Alexander Kolchak served as the overall head of the White Movement and as the internationally recognized Head of State of Russia. In addition to the two primary factions, the war also involved a number of third parties, including the anarchists of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine, and the non-ideological Green Armies.