Related Research Articles
Parenting or child rearing promotes and supports the physical,emotional,social,spiritual and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the intricacies of raising a child and not exclusively for a biological relationship.
Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years,but its physical,psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end later. Puberty now typically begins during preadolescence,particularly in females. Physical growth and cognitive development can extend past the teens. Age provides only a rough marker of adolescence,and scholars have not agreed upon a precise definition. Some definitions start as early as 10 and end as late as 25 or 26. The World Health Organization definition officially designates an adolescent as someone between the ages of 10 and 19.
Conduct disorder (CD) is a mental disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence that presents itself through a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that includes theft,lies,physical violence that may lead to destruction,and reckless breaking of rules,in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated. These behaviors are often referred to as "antisocial behaviors." It is often seen as the precursor to antisocial personality disorder,which by definition cannot be diagnosed until the individual is 18 years old. Conduct disorder may result from parental rejection and neglect and can be treated with family therapy,as well as behavioral modifications and pharmacotherapy. Conduct disorder is estimated to affect 51.1 million people globally as of 2013.
In sociology,a peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily),age,background,or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person's beliefs and behaviour.
Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury,trauma,bodily harm or other physical suffering to another person or animal by way of bodily contact. In most cases,children are the victims of physical abuse,but adults can also be victims,as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence,and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser,and more than one victim.
Psychological abuse,often called emotional abuse,is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another person to a behavior that may result in psychological trauma,including anxiety,chronic depression,or post-traumatic stress disorder.
School violence includes violence between school students as well as attacks by students on school staff. It encompasses physical violence,including student-on-student fighting,corporal punishment;psychological violence such as verbal abuse,and sexual violence,including rape and sexual harassment. It includes many forms of bullying and carrying weapons in school. It is widely believed by society to have become a serious problem in recent decades in many countries,especially where weapons such as guns or knives are involved.
Sex differences in crime are differences between men and women as the perpetrators or victims of crime. Such studies may belong to fields such as criminology,sociobiology,or feminist studies. Despite the difficulty of interpreting them,crime statistics may provide a way to investigate such a relationship from a gender differences perspective. An observable difference in crime rates between men and women might be due to social and cultural factors,crimes going unreported,or to biological factors for example,testosterone or sociobiological theories). The nature of the crime itself may also require consideration as a factor.
Child psychopathology refers to the scientific study of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Oppositional defiant disorder,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,and autism spectrum disorder are examples of psychopathology that are typically first diagnosed during childhood. Mental health providers who work with children and adolescents are informed by research in developmental psychology,clinical child psychology,and family systems. Lists of child and adult mental disorders can be found in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems,10th Edition (ICD-10),published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition (DSM-5),published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In addition,the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood is used in assessing mental health and developmental disorders in children up to age five.
Relational aggression or alternative aggression is a type of aggression in which harm is caused by damaging someone's relationships or social status.
A parenting style is a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child rearing. The quality of parenting can be more essential than the quantity of time spent with the child. For instance,the parent may be engaging in a different activity and not demonstrating enough interest in the child. Parenting styles are the representation of how parents respond to and make demands on their children. Parenting practices are specific behaviors,while parenting styles represent broader patterns of parenting practices. There are various theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children,as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest.
Sibling abuse includes the physical,psychological,or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. More often than not,the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling,however this is not always the case. Sibling abuse is the most common of family violence in the US,but the least reported. As opposed to sibling rivalry,sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.
Childhood trauma is often described as serious adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Children may go through a range of experiences that classify as psychological trauma;these might include neglect,abandonment,sexual abuse,emotional abuse,and physical abuse,witnessing abuse of a sibling or parent,or having a mentally ill parent. These events have profound psychological,physiological,and sociological impacts and can have negative,lasting effects on health and well-being such as unsocial behaviors,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and sleep disturbances. Similarly,children with mothers who have experienced traumatic or stressful events during pregnancy can increase the child's risk of mental health disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Kaiser Permanente and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 1998 study on adverse childhood experiences determined that traumatic experiences during childhood are a root cause of many social,emotional,and cognitive impairments that lead to increased risk of unhealthy self-destructive behaviors,risk of violence or re-victimization,chronic health conditions,low life potential and premature mortality. As the number of adverse experiences increases,the risk of problems from childhood through adulthood also rises. Nearly 30 years of study following the initial study has confirmed this. Many states,health providers,and other groups now routinely screen parents and children for ACEs.
Teen dating violence is the physical,sexual,or psychological / emotional abuse within a dating relationship among adolescents. Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been a well examined and documented phenomenon in adults;however,there has not been nearly as much study on violence in adolescent dating relationships,and it is therefore not as well understood. The research has mainly focused on Caucasian youth,and,as of 2013,there are no studies which focus specifically on IPV in adolescent same-sex relationships.
In 1993,American psychologist Terrie Moffitt described a dual taxonomy of offending behavior in an attempt to explain the developmental processes that lead to the distinctive shape of the age crime curve. Moffitt proposed that there are two main types of antisocial offenders in society:The adolescence-limited offenders,who exhibit antisocial behavior only during adolescence,and the life-course-persistent offenders,who begin to behave antisocially early in childhood and continue this behavior into adulthood. This theory is used with respect to antisocial behavior instead of crime due to the differing definitions of 'crime' among cultures. Due to similar characteristics and trajectories,this theory can be applied to both females and males.
School-based family counseling (SBFC) is an integrated approach to mental health intervention that focuses on both school and family in order to help children overcome personal problems and succeed at school. SBFC is practiced by a wide variety of mental health professionals,including:psychologists,social workers,school counselors,psychiatrists,and marriage and family therapists,as well as special education teachers. What they all share in common is the belief that children who are struggling in school can be best helped by interventions that link family and school. SBFC is typically practiced at the school site,but may be based in a community mental health agency that works in close collaboration with schools.
Externalizing disorders are mental disorders characterized by externalizing behaviors,maladaptive behaviors directed toward an individual's environment,which cause impairment or interference in life functioning. In contrast to individuals with internalizing disorders who internalize their maladaptive emotions and cognitions,such feelings and thoughts are externalized in behavior in individuals with externalizing disorders. Externalizing disorders are often specifically referred to as disruptive behavior disorders or conduct problems which occur in childhood. Externalizing disorders,however,are also manifested in adulthood. For example,alcohol- and substance-related disorders and antisocial personality disorder are adult externalizing disorders. Externalizing psychopathology is associated with antisocial behavior,which is different from and often confused for asociality.
Golan Shahar,Ph.D.,is an Israeli clinical health psychologist and an interdisciplinary stress/psychopathology researcher.
The influence of childhood trauma on the development of psychopathy in adulthood remains an active research question. According to Hervey M. Cleckley,a psychopathic person is someone who is able to imitate a normal functioning person,while masking or concealing their lack of internal personality structure. This results in an internal disorder with recurrent deliberate and detrimental conduct. Despite presenting themselves as serious,bright,and charming,psychopathic people are unable to experience true emotions. Robert Hare's two factor model and Christopher Patrick's triarchic model have both been developed to better understand psychopathology;however,whether the root cause is primarily environmental or primarily genetic is still in question.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are identified as serious and traumatizing experiences,such as abuse,neglect,exposure to violence,substance use,and other harmful events or situations that occur within a child's household or environment. Unfortunately,exposure to ACEs within the child's community is all too common in low-income households and neighborhoods,with close to 43% of children in the United States (U.S.) living in low-income families. ACEs were first identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Kaiser Permanente's Adverse Childhood Experiences Study conducted from 1995 to 1997,where ACEs were examined and correlated with later-life well-being. With one in four children experiencing or witnessing a potentially traumatic event,children who grow up in an unsafe environment are at risk for developing adverse health outcomes,affecting brain development,immune systems,and regulatory systems.
References
- ↑ "Deborah Capaldi, Ph.D. - Oregon Social Learning Center". Oregon Social Learning Center. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
- ↑ "Child Exposure to Family Violence (CEV) - Oregon Social Learning Center". Oregon Social Learning Center. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
- ↑ "Three Generational Study (3GS) - Oregon Social Learning Center". Oregon Social Learning Center. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
- ↑ "Boyd McCandless Award". apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
- ↑ Capaldi, Deborah. "Deborah M. Capaldi, Senior Scientist" (PDF).
- ↑ Capaldi, Deborah M. (1991). "Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: I. Familial factors and general adjustment at Grade 6". Development and Psychopathology. 3 (3): 277–300. doi:10.1017/S0954579400005319. ISSN 1469-2198.
- ↑ Capaldi, D. M.; Patterson, G. R. (1991). "Relation of parental transitions to boys' adjustment problems: I. A linear hypothesis: II. Mothers at risk for transitions and unskilled parenting". Developmental Psychology. 27 (3): 489–504. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.3.489. ISSN 0012-1649.
- ↑ Dishion, Thomas J.; Capaldi, Deborah; Spracklen, Kathleen M.; Li, Fuzhong (1995). "Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use". Development and Psychopathology. 7 (4): 803–824. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006854. ISSN 1469-2198.
- ↑ Capaldi, Deborah M. (1992). "Co-occurrence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms in early adolescent boys: II. A 2-year follow-up at Grade 8". Development and Psychopathology. 4 (1): 125–144. doi:10.1017/S0954579400005605. ISSN 1469-2198.
- ↑ "Oregon Youth Study - Oregon Social Learning Center". Oregon Social Learning Center. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
- ↑ Kerr, David C. R.; Capaldi, Deborah M.; Pears, Katherine C.; Owen, Lee D. (2009). "A prospective three generational study of fathers' constructive parenting: Influences from family of origin, adolescent adjustment, and offspring temperament". Developmental Psychology. 45 (5): 1257–1275. doi:10.1037/a0015863. ISSN 1939-0599. PMC 2742381 . PMID 19702390.
- ↑ Kim, Hyoun K.; Capaldi, Deborah M.; Pears, Katherine C.; Kerr, David C. R.; Owen, Lee D. (2009). "Intergenerational transmission of internalising and externalising behaviours across three generations: Gender-specific pathways". Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health. 19 (2): 125–141. doi:10.1002/cbm.708. ISSN 0957-9664. PMC 2715275 . PMID 19274624.
- ↑ Pears, Katherine; Capaldi, Deborah M.; Owen, Lee D. (2007). "Substance use risk across three generations: The roles of parent discipline practices and inhibitory control". Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 21 (3): 373–386. doi:10.1037/0893-164x.21.3.373. ISSN 1939-1501. PMC 1988842 . PMID 17874888.
- ↑ Pears, Katherine C; Capaldi, Deborah M (2001). "Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample". Child Abuse & Neglect. 25 (11): 1439–1461. doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00286-1. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 11766010.
- ↑ Kerr, D. C. R.; Capaldi, D. M. (2011). "Young men's intimate partner violence and relationship functioning: long-term outcomes associated with suicide attempt and aggression in adolescence". Psychological Medicine. 41 (4): 759–769. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001182. ISSN 1469-8978. PMC 2978767 . PMID 20540815.
- ↑ Feingold, Alan; Kerr, David C. R.; Capaldi, Deborah M. (2008). "Associations of substance use problems with intimate partner violence for at-risk men in long-term relationships". Journal of Family Psychology. 22 (3): 429–438. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.429. ISSN 1939-1293. PMC 2773014 . PMID 18540771.
- ↑ Capaldi, Deborah M.; Stoolmiller, Mike; Clark, Sara; Owen, Lee D. (2002). "Heterosexual risk behaviors in at-risk young men from early adolescence to young adulthood: Prevalence, prediction, and association with STD contraction". Developmental Psychology. 38 (3): 394–406. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.3.394. ISSN 1939-0599. PMID 12005382.