Decision EXpert

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DEX (Decision EXpert) is a qualitative multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method for decision making and is implemented in DEX software. [1] This method was developed by a research team led by Bohanec, Bratko, and Rajkovič. [2] The method supports decision makers in making complex decisions based on multiple, possibly conflicting, attributes. In DEX, all attributes are qualitative and can take values represented by words, such as “low” or “excellent”. Attributes are generally organized in a hierarchy. The evaluation of decision alternatives is carried out by utility functions, which are represented in the form of decision rules. All attributes (function arguments and outcomes) are assumed to be discrete. Additionally, they can be preferentially ordered, so that a higher ordinal value represents a better preference.

Contents

History

The origins of the DEX method can be traced back to the work of Efstathiou and Rajkovič (1979). [3] Their idea was to use words instead of the numbers in multi-criteria decision models and to use tables to represent utility functions. The method was further developed by Slovenian researchers Vladislav Rajkovič and Marko Bohanec, who extended it to cope with hierarchies of attributes and to facilitate the acquisition and explanation of decision knowledge from experts and decision analysts. [4] This method was called DECMAK. In 1987, [5] after an implementation of a supporting computer program, the method was named DEX (Decision EXpert). [6] In the 1990s, DEX was already used to solve complex decision making problems in industry, health-care, project evaluation, housing, and sports. [4] In 2000, DEX was implemented as DEXi software. [7] Updated versions of DEXi, as well as other DEX-related software tools, are accessible on the DEX Software [1] website.

DEX Method

DEX (Decision EXpert) is a multi-criteria decision modelling method. Its main distinguishing characteristics are: [8]

A DEX model consists of the following components: [4]

Practical Example

Hierarchical structure for car evaluation example DEXi tree.png
Hierarchical structure for car evaluation example

The main concepts of DEX method are illustrated with a simple model for the evaluation of cars. [7] This model is distributed together with free DEXi software [9] and is used throughout DEX literature to illustrate the method. It has been also used to make the Car Evaluation Data Set [10] in the UCI Machine Learning Repository. [11]

The hierarchy in this example consists of ten attributes from which six are basic attributes and represent observed features of cars:

The overall evaluation of the root attribute CAR is done through three aggregated intermediate attributes:

Figure below shows the value scales for all the attributes.

Hierarchy and scales of attributes for Car evaluation problem DEX model for Car example.png
Hierarchy and scales of attributes for Car evaluation problem
DEX decision table for car evaluation example Decision Table.png
DEX decision table for car evaluation example

Decision rules that correspond to the CAR attribute are shown in the figure on the right. These rules define mapping from all the combinations of values of PRICE and TECH.CHAR. into the values of CAR. Since the attributes PRICE and TECH.CHAR. have three and four values, respectively, decision table contains 3 x 4 = 12 rules. Each row represents a certain value of CAR for one combination of the values of PRICE and TECH.CHAR. The fourth row, for example, means that

if PRICE=high and TECH.CHAR.=exc. then CAR=unacc.

In DEX model decision rules must be defined for all aggregate attributes in the model. In the case of our example model contains three decision tables for intermediate attributes COMFORT, TECH.CHAR. and PRICE.

Decision alternatives (i.e., cars in this example) are evaluated according to input data provided by the decision maker by aggregation from basic attributes towards the root node of the DEX model. The figure below represents the evaluation of three alternatives (cars).

Evaluation of three cars in DEX Evaluation of cars.png
Evaluation of three cars in DEX

DEX can handle missing information, which can be seen from the evaluation of Car3. Unknown value for SAFETY basic attribute (denoted by '*') is handled by considering all possible values of this attribute. As a result, set of values (rather than a single value) are assigned to attributes TECH.CHAR. and CAR.

Implementation

The method DEX is implemented as DEXi software, which is freely available and supports the development of DEX models as well as the evaluation and analysis of all decision alternatives. DEXi checks the completeness (they provide evaluation results for all possible combinations of basic attributes’ values) and consistency (defined aggregation functions obey the principle of dominance, i.e., they are monotone with respect to all preferentially ordered basic criteria) of the model.

DEXi software also supports analysis of the evaluated alternatives. There are four analysis procedures available in the software: [7]

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References

  1. 1 2 Bohanec, Marko. "DEX Software".
  2. ↑ Bohanec, M., Bratko, I., Rajkovič, V. (1983): An expert system for decision making. Processes and Tools for Decision Making (ed. H.G. Sol), North-Holland, 235–248.
  3. ↑ Efstathiou, J., & Rajkovic, V. (1979). Multiattribute decisionmaking using a fuzzy heuristic approach. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 9(6), 326-333.
  4. 1 2 3 Bohanec M, Rajkovič V, Bratko I, Zupan B, Žnidaršič M (2013) DEX methodology: three decades of qualitative multi-attribute modeling. Informatica 37:49–54.
  5. ↑ Rajkovič, V., Bohanec, M., Batagelj, V. (1988): Knowledge engineering techniques for utility identification. Acta Psychologica 68(1–3), 271–286.
  6. ↑ Bohanec, M., Rajkovič, V. (1990): DEX: An expert system shell for decision support, Sistemica 1(1), 145 -157.
  7. 1 2 3 Bohanec, M. (2020): DEXi: Program for Multi-Attribute Decision Making, User's Manual, Version 5.04. IJS Report DP-13100, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana.
  8. ↑ Bohanec, M. (2022): DEX (Decision EXpert): A qualitative hierarchical multi-criteria method. Multiple Criteria Decision Making (ed. Kulkarni, A.J.), Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 407, Singapore: Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-7414-3_3, 39-78.
  9. ↑ Bohanec, Marko. "DEXi: A Program for Multi-Attribute Decision Making".
  10. ↑ "Car Evaluation Data Set".
  11. ↑ "Machine Learning Repository".
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