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Participatory democracy, participant democracy, participative democracy, or semi-direct democracy is a form of government in which citizens participate individually and directly in political decisions and policies that affect their lives, rather than through elected representatives. Elements of direct and representative democracy are combined in this model.
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Cass Robert Sunstein is an American legal scholar known for his work in constitutional law, administrative law, environmental law, and behavioral economics. He is also The New York Times best-selling author of The World According to Star Wars (2016) and Nudge (2008). He was the administrator of the White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2012.
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CaliforniaSpeaks was a statewide nonpartisan deliberative forum on health care reform that took place on August 11, 2007. More than 2,000 Californians gathered in "town meetings" at eight locations, including Eureka, Fresno, Los Angeles, Oakland, Riverside, Sacramento, San Diego, and San Luis Obispo. It was organized by the nonprofit AmericaSpeaks, and was funded by The California Endowment, The California Wellness Foundation, and the Blue Shield of California Foundation. In 2007, it was described as "one of the world's biggest ever public engagement processes" by a UK public participation charity. A 2015 article in the journal Political Communication has described it as a "natural experiment" in structured deliberation.
Mediated deliberation is a form of deliberation that is achieved through the media which acts as a mediator between the mass public and elected officials. The communication professionals of the media relay information, values, and diverse points of view to the public in order for effective public deliberation to occur. Benjamin Page proposes mediated deliberation be a "division of labor" with the idea of using the media to deliver information between the elected officials and the public because modern problems make it impossible to rely on the elected officials to deliberate for the public. The role of the media is to encourage discussion amongst the citizens to keep them engaged with their elected officials.
In governance, sortition is the selection of public officials or jurors at random, i.e. by lottery, in order to obtain a representative sample.
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America in One Room was a 2019 event that assembled the largest representative sample of the American voting electorate in history to discuss polarizing political issues. It utilized a method called deliberative polling, led by Stanford Professors James Fishkin and Larry Diamond of the Center for Deliberative Democracy. The event was funded and operated by Helena, an organization that implements projects to address global challenges.
References
- ↑ Bruce Ackerman; James S. Fishkin (January 2004). Deliberation Day. Yale University Press; September 2005. ISBN 978-0-300-10964-1.
- ↑ Ackerman, Bruce. "Legal Affairs". Legal Affairs. Retrieved 2012-09-20.
- ↑ Ackerman, Bruce; Fishkin, James. "Deliberation Day" (PDF). Faculty Scholarship Series. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
- 1 2 3 "Deliberation Day". Center for American Progress. 2004-03-10. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
- 1 2 "Can We Deliberate, Please?". Democracy Journal. 2023-12-19. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
- 1 2 Cervone, Luca (2017). Digital Technologies for Deliberative Democracies: Models and Applications for Continuous Civic Engagement (PhD thesis). Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna. Retrieved 2024-12-10.
- ↑ Schkade, David; Sunstein, Cass R.; Hastie, Reid (2007). "What Happened on Deliberation Day?". California Law Review. 95 (3): 915–940. ISSN 0008-1221.
- ↑ Ackerman, Bruce A.; Fishkin, James S. (2004). "Deliberation Day". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.978188 . Retrieved 2024-12-10.
- ↑ Wolf, Naomi (16 September 2008). Give Me Liberty: A Handbook for American Revolutionaries . Simon and Schuster. p. 178 - 180. ISBN 978-1-4165-9056-9 . Retrieved 20 September 2012.
