Sleeman began his career as a Lecturer in Computing at the University of Leeds and co-founded the Computer-Based Learning Unit there in 1969. This led to his interest in Intelligent tutoring systems and an edited volume on that subject with John Seely Brown.[1] He moved to Stanford University in 1982 where he was an Associate Professor of AI & Education, and Senior Research Associate in the Knowledge Systems Laboratory of the Stanford Computer Science Department. Sleeman returned to Aberdeen in 1986 where he was appointed the University’s first Professor of Computing Science.
Sleeman's research activities have remained at the intersection of AI and Cognitive Science, but his focus has moved from Intelligent Tutoring Systems to Co-operative Knowledge Acquisition and Knowledge Refinement Systems, Reuse and Transformation of Knowledge Sources, and Ontology Management systems.
Sleeman has been a Program Committee member for the International European National Conferences in Machine Learning & Knowledge Acquisition, and involved in all the KCAP series of meetings; and was the Conference Chair for the 2007 meeting held in Whistler, British Columbia. Further, with Mark Musen, Sleeman organized one of the 2008 AAAI Stanford Spring Symposia entitled: Symbiotic relationship between the Semantic Web & Knowledge Engineering. He has also served on various Editorial boards including the Machine Learning Journal and the International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. He was one of the Principal Investigators of the EPSRC-sponsored IRC in Advanced Knowledge Technologies (2000 - 2007), and PI of the DTI/Rolls-Royce sponsored IPAS project (2005-2008).
Sleeman has a track-record of interdisciplinary Research work with Education, Engineering, Science and Medicine. As well as developing some early medical CAI programs whilst in Leeds, he also developed a Bayesian system (with Tim de Dombal) to diagnose abdominal pain. At Stanford he collaborated with Edward Shortliffe and Bill Clancey (developers respectively of the MYCIN & neo-MYCIN systems). Since returning to Scotland he has collaborated in Aberdeen with Anesthetics, ICU, General Practice, Oncology, & Respiratory Medicine Departments, and in Edinburgh (Neuro ICU, Western General Hospital).
Currently the focus of his work is with the Dialysis Unit at Aberdeen/Elgin Hospitals, and with the ICU at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. In both these activities Sleeman's team is analysing patient datasets produced and have developed an infrastructure which supports the analyst/clinician in preparing datasets to investigate various clinically led hypotheses.
Notes
↑ D Sleeman, JS Brown (1982) Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Academic Press.
Artificial intelligence (AI), is intelligence demonstrated by machines, unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals, which involves consciousness and emotionality. The distinction between the former and the latter categories is often revealed by the acronym chosen. 'Strong' AI is usually labelled as AGI while attempts to emulate 'natural' intelligence have been called ABI. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial intelligence (AI) software. An expert system is divided into two subsystems: the inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules. The inference engine applies the rules to the known facts to deduce new facts. Inference engines can also include explanation and debugging abilities.
Edward Albert "Ed" Feigenbaum is a computer scientist working in the field of artificial intelligence, and joint winner of the 1994 ACM Turing Award. He is often called the "father of expert systems."
Dabbala Rajagopal "Raj" Reddy is an Indian-American computer scientist and a winner of the Turing Award. He is one of the early pioneers of Artificial Intelligence and has served on the faculty of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon for over 50 years. He was the founding director of the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. He was instrumental in helping to create Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies in India, to cater to the educational needs of the low-income, gifted, rural youth. He is the chairman of International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad. He is the first person of Asian origin to receive the ACM Turing Award, in 1994, known as the Nobel Prize of Computer Science, for his work in the field of artificial intelligence.
John McCarthy was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. McCarthy was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence. He co-authored the document that coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI), developed the Lisp programming language family, significantly influenced the design of the ALGOL programming language, popularized time-sharing, invented garbage collection, and was very influential in the early development of AI.
Dendral was a project in artificial intelligence (AI) of the 1960s, and the computer software expert system that it produced. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen: help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using knowledge of chemistry. It was done at Stanford University by Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg, and Carl Djerassi, along with a team of highly creative research associates and students. It began in 1965 and spans approximately half the history of AI research.
MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases. MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It was written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe under the direction of Bruce G. Buchanan, Stanley N. Cohen and others.
A cognitive tutor is a particular kind of intelligent tutoring system that utilizes a cognitive model to provide feedback to students as they are working through problems. This feedback will immediately inform students of the correctness, or incorrectness, of their actions in the tutor interface; however, cognitive tutors also have the ability to provide context-sensitive hints and instruction to guide students towards reasonable next steps.
A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems. The term is broad and refers to many different kinds of systems. The one common theme that unites all knowledge based systems is an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly and a reasoning system that allows it to derive new knowledge. Thus, a knowledge-based system has two distinguishing features: a knowledge base and an inference engine.
An intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is a computer system that aims to provide immediate and customized instruction or feedback to learners, usually without requiring intervention from a human teacher. ITSs have the common goal of enabling learning in a meaningful and effective manner by using a variety of computing technologies. There are many examples of ITSs being used in both formal education and professional settings in which they have demonstrated their capabilities and limitations. There is a close relationship between intelligent tutoring, cognitive learning theories and design; and there is ongoing research to improve the effectiveness of ITS. An ITS typically aims to replicate the demonstrated benefits of one-to-one, personalized tutoring, in contexts where students would otherwise have access to one-to-many instruction from a single teacher, or no teacher at all. ITSs are often designed with the goal of providing access to high quality education to each and every student.
Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Learning (ICALL), or Intelligent Computer Assisted Language Instruction (ICALI), involves the application of computing technologies to the teaching and learning of second or foreign languages. ICALL combines Artificial intelligence with Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) systems to provide software that interacts intelligently with students, responding flexibly and dynamically to student's learning progress.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to artificial intelligence:
Aaron Sloman is a philosopher and researcher on artificial intelligence and cognitive science. He held the Chair in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science at the School of Computer Science at the University of Birmingham, and before that a chair with the same title at the University of Sussex. Since retiring he is Honorary Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science at Birmingham. He has published widely on philosophy of mathematics, epistemology, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence; he also collaborated widely, e.g. with biologist Jackie Chappell on the evolution of intelligence.
Brian R. Gaines is a British scientist, engineer, and Professor Emeritus at the University of Calgary.
Thomas Robert "Tom" Gruber is an American computer scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur with a focus on systems for knowledge sharing and collective intelligence. He did foundational work in ontology engineering and is well known for his definition of ontologies in the context of artificial intelligence.
Computational informatics is a subfield of informatics that emphasizes issues in the design of computing solutions rather than its underlying infrastructure. Computational informatics can also be interpreted as the use of computational methods in the information sciences.
Paul Compton is an Emeritus Professor at the University of New South Wales (UNSW). He is also the former Head of the UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering. He is known for proposing "ripple-down rules".
Albert T. Corbett is an associate research professor emeritus of human–computer interaction at Carnegie Mellon University. He is widely known for his role in the development of the Cognitive Tutor software, leading to one article with over 1,000 citations. Along with John Robert Anderson, he developed the Bayesian Knowledge Tracing algorithm, which is used in Cognitive Tutor software. This work has been particularly influential in the educational data mining community—over half of the EDM conference papers published in 2011 and 2012 cited Bayesian Knowledge-Tracing. Corbett studied psychology at Brown University, and obtained a doctorate in psychology from the University of Oregon. His doctoral advisor was Wayne Wickelgren.
Explainable AI (XAI) refers to methods and techniques in the application of artificial intelligence technology (AI) such that the results of the solution can be understood by humans. It contrasts with the concept of the "black box" in machine learning where even their designers cannot explain why the AI arrived at a specific decision. XAI may be an implementation of the social right to explanation. XAI is relevant even if there is no legal rights or regulatory requirements—for example, XAI can improve the user experience of a product or service by helping end users trust that the AI is making good decisions.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
