Desiderius was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of S. Prassede in Rome.
He was a Roman, according to Barbara Zenker. [1]
He is first noticed as a Subdeacon of the Holy Roman Church, subscribing to a papal bull, on 11 May 1112, in favor of the abbess of S. Agnes and S. Costanza outside the walls of Rome. [2]
He was named a cardinal-priest, probably in 1115, since he first subscribes a private document on 2 January 1116, the perpetual rent of a vineyard belonging to the church of S. Prassede. [3] His earliest surviving papal subscription occurs on 24 May 1116, followed by signatures on 23 November, 21 December and 22 December. [4]
Pope Paschal II died in Rome on 21 January 1118. The meeting to elect his successor was held at the monastery of the Palladium (Santa Maria in Pallara, near the Arch of Titus and the Arch of Constantine) for reasons of security. Cardinal Desiderius was one of those present. [5] During the enthronement ceremony, Cencius Frangipani and his supporters broke into the monastery, seized and abused the pope and others, and carried Gelasius off to one of their prisons. He was rescued, but, on the approach of Henry V to Rome, he fled to Gaeta. Desiderius is not mentioned in connection with the consecration of the new pope at Gaeta. [6] Pope Gelasius was able to return to Rome in June, and, on 21 July 1118, Cardinal Desiderius sang Mass before Pope Gelasius and the cardinals in his titular church of S. Prassede. [7]
After Pope Gelasius fled Rome on 2 September 1118, Cardinal Desiderius functioned in Rome as a member of the curia, headed by the Vicar of Rome, Cardinal Petrus of Porto. His name appears on a curial decision with those of five other cardinals, in favor of the monastery of S. Sofia in Benevento. [8]
Pope Gelasius died at Cluny in Burgundy on 29 January 1119. Following his death, the ten cardinals who were present, after consultation with other prelates, Roman officials, and other Romans who were present, proceeded to an election, with the agreement that the name of the successful candidate would be sent to Rome for confirmation. Archbishop Guy of Vienne was elected on 2 February 1119. Within days, Cardinal Pietro Senex presided over the ratification by the Roman clergy of the election of Pope Calixtus II, which was sent to France in time for him to be enthroned in the cathedral of Vienne on 9 February 1119. [9] Various cardinals in Rome sent supplementary letters, approving of the actions at Cluny. Cardinal Desiderius shared a letter with several of the cardinal-priests. [10]
The new pope reached Rome on 3 June 1120. [11] Cardinal Desiderius subscribed documents for him at the Lateran on 3 January 1121, 7 January, 14 January, 4 March and 17 April. [12] On 17 April 1121, Pope Calixtus departed for the siege of Sutri, which was already being conducted by Cardinal Giovanni da Crema against the Henrician antipope Gregory VIII (Maurice Burdinus). Desiderius played no part in the expedition, nor did he form part of the papal retinue for Calixtus' southern tour from July 1121 to March 1122. On 17 November 1121, Cardinal Desiderius was in Rome, where he approved the perpetual rent (emphyteusis) of a vineyard owned by the church of S. Prassede. [13] On 27 November 1121, he approved the perpetual lease of vineyard land belonging to the Church of S. Prassede. [14]
Desiderius subscribed again for Pope Calixtus at the Lateran on 6 April 1123, and on 1 April 1124. When Honorius II (Lamberto Scanabecchi) became pope in December 1124, he subscribed for the new pope occasionally from 7 March 1125 to 10 April 1129. [15]
After dawn on the morning of 14 February 1130, the senior-cardinal bishop, Petrus Senex, met with the other cardinals, the important Roman clergy, the magistrates and leading citizens, and the people of Rome, in anticipation of the possible announcement of the death of the pope. They were prepared to give Honorius II a funeral befitting a pope. The meeting took place at the church of S. Marco, at the bottom of the steps to the Capitol, the titular church of Cardinal Bonifacio, which was also convenient for the Pierleoni, whose houses were nearby. They had not yet heard that Honorius had already died near sundown on the previous day, that he had been hastily buried in private, and that five cardinals held an uncanonical midnight election of Gregory Papareschi, whom they named Innocent II. At dawn, they dug up the body of the dead pope, carried it to the Lateran, buried it, and enthroned Innocent II. The historian of medieval Rome, Ferdinand Gregorovius states, "The proceeding was entirely contrary to law, and Gregory's action was altogether uncanonical. [16] When those gethered at S. Marco heard of the doings at the Lateran, they began their own electoral meeting, in the light of the coup-d-état which was underway. Cardinal Desiderius gave his vote to Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who became Pope Anacletus II. Anacletus was acclaimed as pope by a large majority of the cardinals, clergy, magistrates, nobles, and people of Rome. [17] Desiderius was one of cardinals who signed the official notice of the election sent to the Emperor Lothair. [18]
His latest subscription, which was given for Innocent II, occurs on 21 June 1138. [19] From 3 April to 8 April 1139, Pope Innocent held a council at the Lateran, attended, according to Otto of Frising, by more than a thousand prelates. [20] During the council, all of the appointments of Anacletus II were declared null and void. [21] Otto believed that the partisans of Anacletus were anathematized. [22] It is not known whether Cardinal Desiderius was still alive, to be deposed and anathematized, or whether he was already dead. [23]
Victor IV was an antipope for a short time, from March to 29 May 1138.
Pandulf of Pisa was a twelfth-century Italian cardinal, and biographer of several contemporary popes. He was a native of Rome. He was a nephew of Cardinal Hugo of Alatri. Under Pope Paschal II, and probably with the patronage of his uncle, Pandulf held the post of ostiarius at the papal court. It is deduced from his detailed description of the election of Pope Gelasius II on 24 January 1118 that he was present. On his coronation day, 10 March 1118, Pope Gelasius II elevated him to the rank of Lector and Exorcist. Pope Calixtus II ordained him a subdeacon.
John of Crema was an Italian papal legate and cardinal. He was a close supporter of Pope Callistus II.
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Pietro Senex was Cardinal-Bishop of Porto from 1102 until his death. He was born probably in Rome.
The 1118 Papal Election was held to choose the successor for Pope Paschal II, who died in Rome on 21 January 1118, after an 18-year pontificate. Pope Gelasius II was elected as his successor. The election happened during the Investiture Controversy, a conflict between supporters of the Papacy and those of the Holy Roman Emperor. The election was held under the threat of possible violence due to the controversy. The Cardinal electors took refuge in the Benedictine monastery, S. Maria in Pallara, during the election. Within minutes of his election as pope, Gelasius II was attacked and imprisoned by the Frangipani faction, supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor. Gelasius managed to escape, but at the emperor's arrival with his army, he fled Rome and never returned.
Deusdedit was the cardinal-priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso from 1116 until his death. He was named a cardinal by Pope Paschal II. Nothing is known of his life before he was a cardinal. He is not the canonist Balius Severinus Deusdedit, appointed cardinal priest of the Roman titular church Apostolorum in Eudóxia by Pope Gregory VII.
Vitalis of Albano was a Cardinal and bishop of Albano.
Roscemanno, O.S.B.Cas. was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro.
Petrus Pisanus was a Roman Catholic Cardinal. He began his career in papal service as a scriptor in the chancellery. He was appointed Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro, and then promoted Cardinal-priest of Santa Susanna. He served briefly as papal legate in Corsica, before becoming a permanent member of the papal court. He participated in the papal elections of 1118, 1124, and 1130. In 1130, he chose to support the Obedience of Anacletus II rather than that of Innocent II. After Anacletus died in 1138, he joined the Obedience of Innocent II, and survived the purge of 1139.
Bonifacius was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of San Marco. In 1111, he was one of the cardinals captured by King Henry V at what was supposed to be his coronation, and was held prisoner near Rome along with the pope for sixty-one days. He was forced to subscribe to the oath taken by Pope Paschal II, according to the dictates of King Henry. He was then one of the cardinals who opposed the agreements struck by Paschal with Henry in the Lateran synod of 1112. He was not one of the cardinals who followed popes Gelasius, Calixtus, or Honorius on their travels. In the contested papal election of 1130, he supported Pope Anacletus II.
Divizo was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, originally called the titulus Equitii. In 1108, he was papal legate to Germany. He opposed the conciliatory policy of Pope Paschal II to the German King Henry in the Investiture controversy, was imprisoned with the pope and fifteen other cardinals, and forced to sign papal agreements. He then worked against them in the Roman synod of March 1112. After the synod, he was sent to Germany as a legate to Henry V, to work out a compromise. In the winter of 1121 he was promoted Cardinal-bishop of Tusculum (Frascati).
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Saxo de Anagnia was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of S. Stefano al Monte Celio in Rome. He was a native of Anagni, and a member of the family of the Conti di Anagni. Dumas points out that there is no positive evidence of the family connection.
Gregorius was a 12th century Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of San Lorenzo in Lucina in Rome. A remark by Hugh the Chanter of York appears to indicate that he was a native of Siena. Rudolf Hüls, however, notes that Hugh might have mistaken Gregory of San Lorenzo and Gregory of Santa Prisca. Alfonso Chacón (Ciaconius) calls him Gregorius de Ceccano, a Hernician of the diocese of Aquino. Lorenzo Cardella says that Gregorius was born in Ceccano in the diocese of Sora, "da nobilissima famiglia". There is no evidence whatever that Gregorius of San Lorenzo was a member of the Albergati family of Bologna.
Amicus, O.S.B. was a 12th century Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of Ss. Nereo ed Achilleo in Rome.
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