Related Research Articles
Citgo Petroleum Corporation,or Citgo,is a United States–based refiner,transporter and marketer of transportation fuels,lubricants,petrochemicals and other industrial products. Headquartered in the Energy Corridor area of Houston,it is majority-owned by PDVSA,a state-owned company of the Venezuelan government.
PJSC Rosneft Oil Company is a Russian integrated energy company headquartered in Moscow. Rosneft specializes in the exploration,extraction,production,refining,transport,and sale of petroleum,natural gas,and petroleum products. The company is controlled by the Russian government through the Rosneftegaz holding company. Its name is a portmanteau of the Russian words Rossiyskaya neft.
The Orinoco Belt is a territory in the southern strip of the eastern Orinoco River Basin in Venezuela which overlies the world's largest deposits of petroleum. Its local Spanish name is Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco.
TNK-BP was a major vertically integrated Russian oil company headquartered in Moscow. It was Russia's third-largest oil producer and among the ten largest private oil companies in the world. In 2013 it was acquired by Russian oil company Rosneft.
AFK Sistema PAO is a large Russian conglomerate company,founded by Vladimir Yevtushenkov,who was chairman of the corporation's board of directors until 2022. In April,Yevtushenkov's shareholding in Sistema has decreased to 49.2%,and he also stepped down from Sistema's board.
The Central Bank of Venezuela is the central bank of Venezuela. It is responsible for issuing and maintaining the value of the Venezuelan bolívar and is the governing agent of the Venezuelan Clearing House System.
Igor Ivanovich Sechin is a Russian oligarch and a government official,considered a close ally and "de facto deputy" of Vladimir Putin.
Russia–Venezuela relations include cooperation between Russia and Venezuela in areas of common concern,such as their common status as oil exporters,and policy toward the United States. Venezuela is Russia's most important trading and military ally in Latin America. Russia recognizes Nicolás Maduro as the president of Venezuela,instead of Juan Guaidó,in the Venezuelan presidential crisis.
Robert Warren Dudley is an American businessman who is a former group chief executive of BP. He had been president and chief executive of TNK-BP and on June 18,2010,was assigned to be BP executive in charge of the Gulf Coast Restoration Organization responding to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. He is the chair of the international industry-led Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI). He is a former board member of Rosneft,the Russian state-owned energy giant.
Jorge Alberto Arreaza Montserrat is a Venezuelan politician who has held several important positions in the administration of President Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro. From August 2017 to August 2021,Arreaza served as Venezuela's Minister of Foreign Affairs. Arreaza has been sanctioned by Canada and the United States for his role in the violation of human rights in Venezuela.
Alexey Valentinovich Ulyukaev is a Russian politician,scientist,and economist. He has the federal state civilian service rank of 1st class Active State Councillor of the Russian Federation.
Oleg Alexandrovich Erovinkin was a Russian intelligence officer. He was a general in both the KGB and FSB. Erovinkin served as chief of staff at Russian state-owned oil company Rosneft.
The petro (₽),or petromoneda,launched in February 2018,was a crypto token issued by the government of Venezuela.
The Venezuelan presidential crisis was a political crisis concerning the leadership and the legitimate president of Venezuela between 2019 and 2023,with the nation and the world divided in support for Nicolás Maduro or Juan Guaidó.
During the Venezuelan presidential crisis concerning the legitimate President of Venezuela,reactions and responses to the crisis were greatly divided.
The Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act is a bill in the 116th United States Congress sponsored by Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL) and co-sponsored by Mario Díaz-Balart (R-FL),Donna Shalala (D-FL),and Debbie Mucarsel-Powell (D-FL). It aims to monitor and investigate Russia's increasing involvement in the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis and the crisis in Venezuela in general.
During the crisis in Venezuela,the United States applied sanctions against specific Venezuelan government entities and individuals associated with the administration of Nicolás Maduro,along with sanctions applied by the European Union (E.U.),Canada,Mexico,Panama and Switzerland. By September 2019,the Center for Strategic and International Studies said 119 Venezuelans had been sanctioned by the U.S. and several other countries.
Bernard Looney was an Irish businessman and former chief executive officer of BP.
During the crisis in Venezuela,the United States applied sanctions against specific Venezuelan government entities and individuals associated with the administration of Nicolás Maduro,along with sanctions applied by the European Union,Canada,Mexico,Panama and Switzerland. Through April 2019,the U.S. sanctioned more than 150 companies,vessels and individuals,in addition to revoking visas of 718 individuals.
2Rivers,formerly Coral Energy,is a Dubai-based oil trading company engaged in the sale and export of Russian crude oil and petroleum products. 2Rivers was founded by Azerbaijani citizen Tahir Gadir oghlu Garayev in 2010. 2Rivers,according to journalistic investigations,has a close relationship with Igor Sechin and Rosneft. Since 2022,2Rivers has quietly grown to become the largest trader circumventing Western sanctions on Russian crude and petroleum exports,mainly from Rosneft. 2Rivers operates through a web of companies that appear to be unaffiliated,but are controlled by the 2Rivers’executive team. This includes dozens of trading companies established in the DMCC freezone of the UAE,as well as ship management and operations companies.
References
- ↑ Didier Kasimiro appointed Rosneft's first vice president in place of Fedorov.
- ↑ "Didier Casimiro".
- ↑ "The Hollywood-Style Trader Running Russia's Sanctioned Oil Deal". bloomberg . 19 February 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
- ↑ "page 7 Bashneft (Russian)" (PDF).
- ↑ https://financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/rosneft-faces-foreign-managers-departures-as-sanctions-push-out-eu-citizens-sources
- ↑ "Bloomberg: как нефтяной трейдер Дидье Касимиро в голливудском стиле управляет иностранной дочкой Роснефти". 20 February 2020.
- ↑ "Igor Sechin makes a business trip to the PCK refinery in Germany".
- ↑ "Rosneft and Fleet Energy explore the possibility of joint gas supplies to Egypt".
- ↑ "Igor Sechin Meets Investors in London and New York, Visits GE Production Facilities and Engineering Centers".
- ↑ "Treasury Targets Russian Oil Brokerage Firm for Supporting Illegitimate Maduro Regime". United States Department of the Treasury . 18 February 2020. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
- ↑ Jakes, Lara (2020-02-18). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Russian Oil Company Supporting Venezuela's Leader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-02-25.