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eHealth describes healthcare services which are supported by digital processes, communication or technology such as electronic prescribing, Telehealth, or Electronic Health Records (EHRs). The use of electronic processes in healthcare dated back to at least the 1990s. Usage of the term varies as it covers not just "Internet medicine" as it was conceived during that time, but also "virtually everything related to computers and medicine". A study in 2005 found 51 unique definitions. Some argue that it is interchangeable with health informatics with a broad definition covering electronic/digital processes in health while others use it in the narrower sense of healthcare practice using the Internet. It can also include health applications and links on mobile phones, referred to as mHealth or m-Health. Key components of eHealth include electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, health information exchange, mobile health applications, wearable devices, and online health information. These technologies enable healthcare providers, patients, and other stakeholders to access, manage, and exchange health information more effectively, leading to improved communication, decision-making, and overall healthcare outcomes.
Telepsychiatry or telemental health refers to the use of telecommunications technology to deliver psychiatric care remotely for people with mental health conditions. It is a branch of telemedicine.
mHealth is an abbreviation for mobile health, a term used for the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices. The term is most commonly used in reference to using mobile communication devices, such as mobile phones, tablet computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wearable devices such as smart watches, for health services, information, and data collection. The mHealth field has emerged as a sub-segment of eHealth, the use of information and communication technology (ICT), such as computers, mobile phones, communications satellite, patient monitors, etc., for health services and information. mHealth applications include the use of mobile devices in collecting community and clinical health data, delivery/sharing of healthcare information for practitioners, researchers and patients, real-time monitoring of patient vital signs, the direct provision of care as well as training and collaboration of health workers.
The use of electronic and communication technologies as a therapeutic aid to healthcare practices is commonly referred to as telemedicine or eHealth. The use of such technologies as a supplement to mainstream therapies for mental disorders is an emerging mental health treatment field which, it is argued, could improve the accessibility, effectiveness and affordability of mental health care. Mental health technologies used by professionals as an adjunct to mainstream clinical practices include email, SMS, virtual reality, computer programs, blogs, social networks, the telephone, video conferencing, computer games, instant messaging and podcasts.
Experts from many different fields have conducted research and held debates about how using social media affects mental health. Research suggests that mental health issues arising from social media use affect women more than men and vary according to the particular social media platform used, although it does affect every age and gender demographic in different ways. Psychological or behavioural dependence on social media platforms can result in significant negative functions in individuals' daily lives. Studies show there are several negative effects that social media can have on individuals' mental health and overall well-being. While researchers have attempted to examine why and how social media is problematic, they still struggle to develop evidence-based recommendations on how they would go about offering potential solutions to this issue. Because social media is constantly evolving, researchers also struggle with whether the disorder of problematic social media use would be considered a separate clinical entity or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be diagnosed when an individual engages in online content/conversations rather than pursuing other interests.
Infoveillance is a type of syndromic surveillance that specifically utilizes information found online. The term, along with the term infodemiology, was coined by Gunther Eysenbach to describe research that uses online information to gather information about human behavior.
The Wikipedia online encyclopedia has, since the late 2000s, served as a popular source for health information for both laypersons and, in many cases, health care practitioners. Health-related articles on Wikipedia are popularly accessed as results from search engines, which frequently deliver links to Wikipedia articles. Independent assessments have been made of the number and demographics of people who seek health information on Wikipedia, the scope of health information on Wikipedia, and the quality and reliability of the information on Wikipedia.
Problematic smartphone use is psychological or behavioral dependence on cell phones. It is closely related to other forms of digital media overuse such as social media addiction or internet addiction disorder.
An activity tracker involves the practice of measuring and collecting data on an individual's physical and psychological activity to keep track and maintain documentation regarding their health and wellness. Used for many groups even animals as seen in collar-mounted activity trackers for dogs. A lot of the data is collected through wearable technology such as wristbands which sync with mobile apps through Apple and Samsung. As daily technologies such as phones and computers have been innovated, it paved the way for such wearable tracking technologies to be advanced. There are a variety of stakeholders involved in the usage of activity tracking through wearable technology and mobile health apps, knowing how much they track ranging from fitness, mood, sleep, water intake, medicine usage, sexual activity, menstruation, and potential diseases raises the concern on privacy given a lot of data is collected and analyzed. Through many studies that have been reviewed, data on the various demographics and goals these technologies are used provide more insight into their purposes.
Infodemiology was defined by Gunther Eysenbach in the early 2000s as information epidemiology. It is an area of science research focused on scanning the internet for user-contributed health-related content, with the ultimate goal of improving public health. It is also defined as the science of mitigating public health problems resulting from an infodemic.
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Mobile phone–based sensing software is a class of software for mobile phones that uses the phone's sensors to acquire data about the user. Some applications of this software include mental health and overall wellness monitoring. This class of software is important because it has the potential of providing a practical and low-cost approach to deliver psychological interventions for the prevention of mental health disorders, as well as bringing such interventions to populations that have no access to traditional health care. A number of terms are used for this approach, including "personal sensing", "digital phenotyping", and "context sensing". The term "personal sensing" is used in this article, as it conveys in simple language the aim of sensing personal behaviors, states, and conditions.
Jukka-Pekka Onnela is a Professor of Biostatistics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Co-Director of the Health Data Science Program. Onnela is known for his pioneering research using cell phone data in network science. He was awarded the NIH Director's New Innovator Award in 2013 for his work in digital phenotyping.
Mental health informatics is a branch of health or clinical informatics focused on the use of information technology (IT) and information to improve mental health. Like health informatics, mental health informatics is a multidisciplinary field that promotes care delivery, research and education as well as the technology and methodologies required to implement it.
Mobile ethnography is a qualitative research method that takes advantage of technology to document, analyze and derive implications of real-time customer experience. Therefore it’s often applied in the context of service design. Unlike classic ethnography where a researcher has to be present for observations, mobile ethnography uses the participant’s mobile device to gather user-centered information. It allows the participant to become an active researcher him- or herself, report experiences at the time of the happening, on the very spot and in the mental space of the experience and structure it themselves. Mobile ethnography therefore follows the principles of user-centered design.
The relationships between digital media use and mental health have been investigated by various researchers—predominantly psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, and medical experts—especially since the mid-1990s, after the growth of the World Wide Web. A significant body of research has explored "overuse" phenomena, commonly known as "digital addictions", or "digital dependencies." These phenomena manifest differently in many societies and cultures. Some experts have investigated the benefits of moderate digital media use in various domains, including in mental health, and the treatment of mental health problems with novel technological solutions.
Internet-based treatments for trauma survivors is a growing class of online treatments that allow for an individual who has experienced trauma to seek and receive treatment without needing to attend psychotherapy in person. The progressive movement to online resources and the need for more accessible mental health services has given rise to the creation of online-based interventions aimed to help those who have experienced traumatic events. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has shown to be particularly effective in the treatment of trauma-related disorders and adapting CBT to an online format has been shown to be as effective as in-person CBT in the treatment of trauma. Due to its positive outcomes, CBT-based internet treatment options for trauma survivors has been an expanding field in both research and clinical settings.
Sleep tracking is the process of monitoring a person's sleep, most commonly through measuring inactivity and movement. A device that tracks a person's sleep is called a sleep tracker. Sleep tracking may be beneficial in diagnosing sleep disorders. As sleep abnormalities are also symptoms of mental illness or relapsing psychotic disorders, it may also be beneficial in diagnosing mental disorders and psychotic disorders as well.
References
- ↑ Onnela, Jukka-Pekka; Rauch, Scott L. (June 2016). "Harnessing Smartphone-Based Digital Phenotyping to Enhance Behavioral and Mental Health". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (7): 1691–1696. doi:10.1038/npp.2016.7. ISSN 0893-133X. PMC 4869063 . PMID 26818126.
- 1 2 Torous, John; Kiang, Mathew V; Lorme, Jeanette; Onnela, Jukka-Pekka (2016-05-05). "New Tools for New Research in Psychiatry: A Scalable and Customizable Platform to Empower Data Driven Smartphone Research". JMIR Mental Health. 3 (2): e16. doi: 10.2196/mental.5165 . ISSN 2368-7959. PMC 4873624 . PMID 27150677.
- ↑ Brown, Karen (2016-07-19). "Your phone knows how you feel". Harvard Public Health Magazine. Retrieved 2019-11-13.
- ↑ Smith, Aaron (2015-04-01). "U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
- ↑ "Mobile Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2017-06-27.
- ↑ Pyrkov, Timothy V.; Getmantsev, Evgeny; Zhurov, Boris; Avchaciov, Konstantin; Pyatnitskiy, Mikhail; Menshikov, Leonid; Khodova, Kristina; Gudkov, Andrei V.; Fedichev, Peter O. (2018-10-26). "Quantitative characterization of biological age and frailty based on locomotor activity records". Aging . 10 (10): 2973–2990. doi:10.18632/aging.101603. ISSN 1945-4589. PMC 6224248 . PMID 30362959.
- ↑ Gillett, George (2020). "A day in the life of a psychiatrist in 2050: where will the algorithm take us?". BJPsych Bulletin. 44 (3): 121–123. doi: 10.1192/bjb.2020.22 . PMC 8170007 . PMID 33861188.
- ↑ Torous, John; Staples, Patrick; Onnela, Jukka-Pekka (2015-08-01). "Realizing the Potential of Mobile Mental Health: New Methods for New Data in Psychiatry". Current Psychiatry Reports. 17 (8): 61. doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0602-0. ISSN 1523-3812. PMC 4608747 . PMID 26073363.
- ↑ Gillett, George; McGowan, Niall; Palmius, Niclas; Bilderbeck, Amy; Goodwin, Guy; Saunders, Kate (2021). "Digital Communication Biomarkers of Mood and Diagnosis in Borderline Personality Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and Healthy Control Populations". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12 (610457): 610457. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.610457 . ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 8060643 . PMID 33897487.
- ↑ Braund, Taylor A.; Zin, May The; Boonstra, Tjeerd W.; Wong, Quincy J. J.; Larsen, Mark E.; Christensen, Helen; Tillman, Gabriel; O’Dea, Bridianne (2022-05-04). "Smartphone Sensor Data for Identifying and Monitoring Symptoms of Mood Disorders: A Longitudinal Observational Study". JMIR Mental Health. 9 (5): e35549. doi: 10.2196/35549 . PMC 9118091 . PMID 35507385. S2CID 247962553.
- ↑ Braund, Taylor A.; O’Dea, Bridianne; Bal, Debopriyo; Maston, Kate; Larsen, Mark E.; Werner-Seidler, Aliza; Tillman, Gabriel; Christensen, Helen (2023-05-15). "Associations Between Smartphone Keystroke Metadata and Mental Health Symptoms in Adolescents: Findings From the Future Proofing Study". JMIR Mental Health. 10: e44986. doi: 10.2196/44986 . PMC 10227695 . PMID 37184904.
- ↑ Jain, Sachin H; Powers, Brian W; Hawkins, Jared B; Brownstein, John S (2015). "The digital phenotype". Nature Biotechnology. 33 (5): 462–463. doi:10.1038/nbt.3223. ISSN 1087-0156. PMID 25965751. S2CID 2318642.
- ↑ "Funf Blog". funf-blog.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
- ↑ "Knight Foundation Bets Mobile Sensor Startup, Behav.io, Is The Future of Journalism". TechCrunch. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
- ↑ D'Orazio, Dante (2013-04-12). "Google gains team behind Behavio, a startup that uses smartphone data to make predictions". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
- ↑ "Your smartphone knows when you're depressed". The Daily Dot. 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
- ↑ "Digital Phenotyping and Beiwe Research Platform". Onnela Lab. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
- ↑ Lind, Monika N.; Byrne, Michelle L.; Wicks, Geordie; Smidt, Alec M.; Allen, Nicholas B. (July 2018). "The Effortless Assessment of Risk States (EARS) Tool: An Interpersonal Approach to Mobile Sensing". JMIR Mental Health. 5 (3): e10334. doi: 10.2196/10334 . PMC 6134227 . PMID 30154072.
- ↑ Torous, John; Wisniewski, Hannah; Bird, Bruce; Carpenter, Elizabeth; David, Gary; Elejalde, Eduardo; Fulford, Dan; Guimond, Synthia; Hays, Ryan; Henson, Philip; Hoffman, Liza (2019-06-01). "Creating a Digital Health Smartphone App and Digital Phenotyping Platform for Mental Health and Diverse Healthcare Needs: an Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Approach". Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science. 4 (2): 73–85. doi: 10.1007/s41347-019-00095-w . ISSN 2366-5963. S2CID 150589575.
- ↑ "Former Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, Dr. Thomas Insel, Joins Mindstrong Health as President and Co-Founder". Mindstrong Health. 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2021-01-22.