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Diiriye Guure | |
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Garad of the Dhulbahante Garadate | |
Reign | 1897 - 1920 |
Predecessor | Garad Ali |
Successor | Garad Aardheel |
Sultan of the Darawiish | |
Reign | 1895 – 1920 |
Predecessor | Position established |
Successor | Position abolished |
Born | Diiriye Guure Ciid-Nugaal |
House | House of Garaad Shirshore Ruler of Ciid-Nugaal |
Diiriye Guure [1] (also spelled Deeria Goori or Deria Gure) was the 16th Garad of the Dhulbahante Garadate, who as Darawiish Garad was sought by British colonial administrators for apprehension via "unconditional surrender". [2] During his tenure as successor to Garad Ali IV, thus becoming the Dhulbahante Garad, and arguably Dervish sultan, the Darawiish became among the most perseverant polities in the Horn of Africa during the period of the Scramble for Africa wherein European colonialists targeted Darawiish territories. [3]
For his successor, see Garad Jama Farah , or Ar Dheil .
With regard to capturing Deeria Guure, the British stated that "no guarantee of any kind as to ... future treatment being given", insinuates the intent of retribution on the part of the British government and a high priority for capture. [4] The verbatim motion as presented by James Hayes Sadler states that the Darawiish is a movement in among the Dhulbahante clan, and states that Diiriye Guure is among those it seeks to capture:
The object of the expeditions is to capture or defeat the Mullah and to put an end to his movement in the Dolbahanta ... In the unlikely event of the Mullah offering to surrender ... Deria Gure – only an unconditional surrender should be accepted, no guarantee of any kind as to future treatment being given.
The transcript from James Hayes Sadler to general Eric Swayne, and subsequently forwarded to levies was rendered by Somali historian Jama Omar Issa as follows: [5]
Diiriye Guure waxa qur ah oo laga oggolaan karaa isdhiibid aan shuruud lahayn; wax sugan oo ballanqaad ah oo noloshooda dambe laga siin karaa ma jirto. | Diiriye Guure can solely be permitted to capitulate and give himself up, without any conditions. We do not attach any agreements or safeguards hereafter. |
An Evening Express piece published by Walter Alfred Pearce referred to Diiriye Guure as the head of the Dhulbahante clan during the Dervish era. It further describes Guure as wealthy and powerful, and that he participated at the Battle of Gumburu Cagaarweyne, heavily sustaining injuries therein. [6]
A common nomenclature used to describe the head of the Dhulbahante clan was "sultan" during the colonial era. [7] [8] [9] According to author Said Samatar, he concurs that the terms Garad and Sultan are interchangeable. [10] The 3rd of May 1899 Darawiish proclamation of independence letter sent to James Hayes Sadler coalesced the Dhulbahante and Dervishes as sharing the same Sultan: [11]
The next day, on May 4, 1899, after it was received, the British administrator James Hayes Sadler in a letter to the British foreign minister states that the Dervish proclamation of independence letter spoke on behalf of the Dhulbahante tribe: [11]
A report in 1903 in the Evening Express states that Diiriye Guure's role was equivalent to the commander of the Royal Engineers, whom in 1903 happened to be Richard Harrison. This report also states he was a veteran of the Gumburru battle, [12] and his brother Maxmud Guure mentioned in the Geoffrey Archer's list [13] was mentiond as witnessing after-effects of Cagaarweyne battle, i.e. an eagle filled the remnants of human testicles: "waxaana calooshiisii laga soo saaray 500 oo xiniinyo rag ah", [14] an event described by Douglas Jardine as follows: [15]
There was no longer any doubt that the enemy were collected in thick bush some 10 miles to the west of Cobbe ; and a captured rifle, which had been lost by us at Erigo, and two horses which were recognised as belonging to the Mullah's khusuusi, or intimate advisers, gave rise to suspicions that the enemy force was represented by the leading " die-hards."
Las Anod is the administrative capital of the Sool region of Somaliland.
The Warsangali is a major Somali sub clan, part of the Harti clan which itself belongs to one of the largest Somali clan-families - the Darod. In the Somali language, the name Warsangali means "bringer of good news." The Warsangeli primarily inhabit the far eastern area of the Sanaag region.
Dul Madoba is a hill ridge 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Burao in Somaliland. It was also the location of a famous battle in which the Dervishes won a victory against the British, and wherein Ibraahin Xoorane killed Richard Corfield. A native Somali account of the battle is found in the poem Annagoo Taleex naal.
The Ogaden is a Somali clan part of the Darod.
Sayid Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan was a Somali religious and military leader of the Dervish movement. It was subdivided into 13 administrative divisions, of which the four largest were Shiikhyaale, Dooxato, Golaweyne and Miinanle, a setting which in the midst of colonial expansionism eventually set the stage for a two-decade long confrontation with various colonial empires including the British, Italians, and Abyssinians.
Harti, meaning "strong man", is a Somali clan family that is part of the Darod clan. The major sub-clans include the Majeerteen, Dhulbahante, Warsangali and Dishiishe, while other minor sub-clans consist of Kaskiqabe, Geesaguule and Liibaangashe.
Taleh is a historical town in the eastern Sool region of Somaliland. As of September 2015, both Puntland and Somaliland had nominal influence or control in Taleh and it's vicinity. The town served as the capital of the pre-independence Dervish movement.
Buuhoodle, also known as Bohotle, is a city in the Togdheer region of Somaliland. It is a prominent border town for movements of goods to and from Somaliland and the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The surrounding district is rich in both livestock and fledgeling agriculture.
Richard Conyngham Corfield was a British colonial police officer who saw service in South Africa, Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Kenya and Somaliland in the early 20th century. His death at the hands of Darawiish Ibraahin Xoorane and Axmed Aarey was chronicled in the poem Annagoo Taleex naal.
Haroun, also called Fadhiweyn, and natively transliterated as Xarunta in Somali, was a government and headquarters of the Dervishes, headed by Faarax Sugulle. The Darawiish monarch was Diiriye Guure, based in Taleex. According to Claude Edward Marjoribanks Dansey, the political officer in the British Somali Coast Protectorate consisted of 400 individuals.
Haji Yusuf Barre was the commander at the battle of Jidbali, the largest and deadliest engagement between the dervishes and the British empire in the Horn of Africa. Haji Yusuf Barre is also noted for being the person whom held the last stand at the Dhulbahante garesa at Taleh, in the aftermath of the bombings at Taleh wherein Taleh became the first place to be targeted in Africa through aerial attacks.
Kaladi Madlay was the head of a portion of the Huwan region in the early 1900s decade as well as the highest ranked avowed Ogaden within the Darawiish in the early years of this decade until his purported desertion in 1903. He was succeeded as leader of the Huwan region by Hamed Sultan.
Ciid or 'Iid is an archaic native geographic name for the land between the region of Mudug and the Nugaal Valley, roughly congruous with the northern Bookh district in Ethiopia. As such, Ciid constitutes the tripoint of the former three colonial powers Abyssinia, Britain and Italy, thus situating Mudug immediately southeast of Ciid, the Nugaal Valley immediately north of Ciid, and Haud to the west of Ciid. One historian referred to it as the syrup-colored land and it is today embodied by Ciid towns such as Xamxam, Magacley, Qoriley, Biriqodey, Beerdhiga and Gumburka Cagaare. Ciid constitutes the northernmost parts of the disputed Somali-Ethiopian territory outlined in the 16 May 1908 Italo-Ethiopian border agreement also called the 1908 Convention. A 2001 Journal from Indiana University describes Ciid as partially overlapping with Boocame District by referring to Ciid as north of the Mudug region and the west of the Garowe region.
Dalyare fort is an open-top Dhulbahante garesa of the Darawiish era which was ordered built by Diiriye Guure as a strategy for countering the colonization efforts of the Europeans. The building is located in the Nugaal Valley a few miles east of Las Anod. The purpose of the Dalyare fort was to serve as a refuge and escape route for Darawiish retreating from colonial forces who intend to head south towards the Shabelle River. However, retrospectively, some analysts have described the building as a setback to the previous tactic of maneuverability on the part of the Darawiish. Cali Jalax was the builder. The native Darawiish referred to the building as Sool-Daryare. On the other hand, the colonialists who launched attacks against the Darawiish referred to the building as Dariali.
Jidali fort was a cross-shaped fort of the Dervish era located in the town of Jidali in Sanaag, Somaliland and is also the first place in Africa to be bombed via aerial bombardment by a tally of four sorties of De Havilland DH-9's on 21 January 1920. An April 1920 letter between the Sayid and Italian-Somali governor Giacomo De Martino states that the Dervishes built a total of twenty-seven forts which are described as Dhulbahante garesas.
Adan Ali Gurey was a political advisor in the Darawiish, an anti-colonial instigator, the commander of Golaweyne, a chieftain of the Dhulbahante, and an arms supplier.
Dhowre Ali Sheneeleh was the castellan of the Darawiish fort / Dhulbahante garesa of Eyl, whilst the governor of Nugaaleed-Bari for the Darawiish was Ali Meggar. He was also the primary commander which spearheaded opposition to Abyssinian expansionism towards the east in the 1900s.
The Mohamoud Garad is a Somali clan. Its members form a part of the Dhulbahante, a sub-division of the Harti/Darod clan-family. The clan is divided into three major sub-clans ― namely the Jama Siad, the Naleye Ahmed and Galool Oriye.
The Farah Garad or Garad Farah is a Somali clan. Its part of the Dhulbahante clan-family, a sub-division of the larger Harti/Darod clan. The Farah Garad are divided into three major sub-clans — Ahmed Garad, Baharsame and Barkad. Numerically, the largest of these three subclans is the Ahmed Garad, which itself subdivides into Ararsame and Ali Gheri.
Garad Jama "Farah" was the 18th garad or sultan of the Dhulbahante Garadate, from the 1920s until 1960. His surname isn't Farah, but he acquired the title to distinguish Farah Garad from the garad/sultan of the equally sized Mahamuud Garad clan and that of the Bah Nugaal clan.
Deria Gure – only an unconditional surrender should be accepted, no guarantee of any kind as to future treatment being given.
Diiriye Guure waxa qur ah oo laga oggolaan karaa isdhiibid aan shuruud lahayn
The third leader is Deeria Goori, of the Dolbahanta tribe, who was badly wounded at the Battle of Gunrburru ... These men are the heads of their respective tribes, and are all wealthy and powerful.
The Sultan of the Dolbahanta gave the Mullah his daughter in wedlock , and three thousand men rallied to his leadership ; Arab slavers on the coast provided sixty guns
when the Sultan of the Dolbahanta , Ali Gerad , defected from the Derwish cause , his own son pleaded for the privilege of killing him ... It is meet that the infidel father be put to death by the believing son who is deprived of a place in paradise.
the Sultan of the Dolbahanta, made so bold as to send a message to the Consul-General to the effect that his old friendly relations with us remained unchanged
. This letter is sent by all the Dervishes, the Amir, and all the Dolbahanta to the Ruler of Berbera ... We are a Government, we have a Sultan, an Amir, and Chiefs, and subjects ... In his last letter the Mullah pretends to speak in the name of the Dervishes, their Amir (himself), and the Dolbahanta tribes. This letter shows his object is to establish himself as the Ruler of the Dolbahanta, and it has a Mahdist look
Media related to Diiriye Guure at Wikimedia Commons