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Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system.
The cluster of differentiation is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. In terms of physiology, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell. Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD for humans is numbered up to 371.
A monoclonal antibody is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is the name given to a B cell proliferation due to therapeutic immunosuppression after organ transplantation. These patients may develop infectious mononucleosis-like lesions or polyclonal polymorphic B-cell hyperplasia. Some of these B cells may undergo mutations which will render them malignant, giving rise to a lymphoma.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies. This process starts by injecting a mouse with an antigen that provokes an immune response. A type of white blood cell, the B cell, produces antibodies that bind to the injected antigen. These antibody producing B-cells are then harvested from the mouse and, in turn, fused with immortal myeloma cancer cells, to produce a hybrid cell line called a hybridoma, which has both the antibody-producing ability of the B-cell and the longevity and reproductivity of the myeloma. The hybridomas can be grown in culture, each culture starting with one viable hybridoma cell, producing cultures each of which consists of genetically identical hybridomas which produce one antibody per culture (monoclonal) rather than mixtures of different antibodies (polyclonal). The myeloma cell line that is used in this process is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody synthesis. In contrast to polyclonal antibodies, which are mixtures of many different antibody molecules, the monoclonal antibodies produced by each hybridoma line are all chemically identical.
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells. This process is called haematopoiesis. In vertebrates, the very first definitive HSCs arise from the ventral endothelial wall of the embryonic aorta within the (midgestational) aorta-gonad-mesonephros region, through a process known as endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. In adults, haematopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow, in the core of most bones. The red bone marrow is derived from the layer of the embryo called the mesoderm.
CD34 is a transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein protein encoded by the CD34 gene in humans, mice, rats and other species.
Hemangioblasts are the multipotent precursor cells that can differentiate into both hematopoietic and endothelial cells. In the mouse embryo, the emergence of blood islands in the yolk sac at embryonic day 7 marks the onset of hematopoiesis. From these blood islands, the hematopoietic cells and vasculature are formed shortly after. Hemangioblasts are the progenitors that form the blood islands. To date, the hemangioblast has been identified in human, mouse and zebrafish embryos.
Malaria culture is a method for growing malaria parasites outside the body, i.e., in an ex vivo environment. Although attempts for propagation of the parasites outside of humans or animal models reach as far back as 1912, the success of the initial attempts was limited to one or just a few cycles. The first successful continuous culture was established in 1976. Initial hopes that the ex vivo culture would lead quickly to the discovery of a vaccine were premature. However, the development of new drugs was greatly facilitated.
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.
Immunosenescence is the gradual deterioration of the immune system, brought on by natural age advancement. A 2020 review concluded that the adaptive immune system is affected more than the innate immune system. Immunosenescence involves both the host's capacity to respond to infections and the development of long-term immune memory. Age-associated immune deficiency is found in both long- and short-lived species as a function of their age relative to life expectancy rather than elapsed time.
CD244 also known as 2B4 or SLAMF4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD244 gene.
A rabbit hybridoma is a hybrid cell line formed by the fusion of an antibody producing rabbit B cell with a cancerous B-cell (myeloma).
The mainstay of malaria diagnosis has been the microscopic examination of blood, utilizing blood films. Although blood is the sample most frequently used to make a diagnosis, both saliva and urine have been investigated as alternative, less invasive specimens. More recently, modern techniques utilizing antigen tests or polymerase chain reaction have been discovered, though these are not widely implemented in malaria endemic regions. Areas that cannot afford laboratory diagnostic tests often use only a history of subjective fever as the indication to treat for malaria.
Immune checkpoints are regulators of the immune system. These pathways are crucial for self-tolerance, which prevents the immune system from attacking cells indiscriminately. However, some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets.
HUMARA Assay is one of the most widely used methods to determine the clonal origin of a tumor. The method is based on X chromosome inactivation and it takes the advantage of having different methylation status of a gene called HUMARA that is located on X chromosome. Considering the fact that once one X chromosome is inactivated in a cell, all other cells derived from it will have the same X chromosome inactivated, this approach becomes a great tool to differentiate a monoclonal population from a polyclonal one in a female tissue. HUMARA gene, in particular, has three important features that make it highly convenient for the purpose.
T-cell depletion (TCD) is the process of T cell removal or reduction, which alters the immune system and its responses. Depletion can occur naturally or be induced for treatment purposes. TCD can reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is a common issue in transplants. The idea that TCD of the allograft can eliminate GVHD was first introduced in 1958. In humans the first TCD was performed in severe combined immunodeficiency patients.
In the immune system, veto cells are white blood cells that have a selective immunomodulation properties. Veto cells were first described in 1979 as cells that “can prevent generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes by normal spleen cells against self-antigens”. Hence, veto cells delete T cells that recognize the veto cells.
Christa Edith Muller-Sieburg was a German-American immunologist and hematologist, whose work became central to the understanding of the clonal heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Muller-Sieburg is known for her contributions to the purification of hematopoietic stem cells, the characterization of individual stem cell clones and her revision of the process of hematopoiesis.
Plasmodium elongatum is a malaria parasite discovered by Hartman and first disclosed in Hartman 1927. Study of it has been fundamental to understanding the lifecycle of malaria along with study of P. gallinaceum, also a malaria parasite of birds. It is the type species of the subgenus Huffia.
References
- 1 2 Freshney, R. Ian (2010). Culture of animal cells : a manual of basic technique and specialized applications (6th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 208–211. ISBN 9780470528129.
- 1 2 Davis, John M, ed. (2011). Animal cell culture . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 239–240. ISBN 978047066658-6.
- ↑ Butterworth, Alice S; Robertson, Alan J; Ho, Mei-Fong; Gatton, Michelle L; McCarthy, James S; Trenholme, Katharine R (2011). "An improved method for undertaking limiting dilution assays for in vitro cloning of Plasmodium falciparum parasites". Malaria Journal. 10 (1): 95. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-95 . ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 3089786 . PMID 21496350.
- ↑ Rout, Namita; Else, James G.; Yue, Simon; Connole, Michelle; Exley, Mark A.; Kaur, Amitinder (2 July 2010). "Heterogeneity in phenotype and function of CD8+ and CD4/CD8 double-negative Natural Killer T cell subsets in sooty mangabeys". Journal of Medical Primatology. 39 (4): 224–234. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00431.x. PMC 2904642 . PMID 20618588.
- ↑ Lilienfeld, Benjamin G.; Crew, Mark D.; Forte, Pietro; Baumann, Bettina C.; Seebach, Jörg D. (1 March 2007). "Transgenic expression of HLA-E single chain trimer protects porcine endothelial cells against human natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity". Xenotransplantation. 14 (2): 126–134. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00378.x. PMID 17381687. S2CID 1433274.
- ↑ Seki, Yoshihiro; Suzuki, Satoshi O.; Masui, Kenta; Harada, Shiori; Nakamura, Seiji; Kanba, Shigenobu; Iwaki, Toru (1 June 2011). "A simple and high-yield method for preparation of rat microglial cultures utilizing Aclar plastic film". Neuropathology. 31 (3): 215–222. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2010.01163.x. PMID 21092060. S2CID 26016732.
- ↑ Sieburg, Hans B; Cho, Rebecca H; Muller-Sieburg, Christa E (2002). "Limiting dilution analysis for estimating the frequency of hematopoietic stem cells: uncertainty and significance". Exp Hematol. 39 (12): 1436–1443. doi: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00963-3 – via ISEH.