Frank Anthony Wilczek is an American theoretical physicist,mathematician and Nobel laureate. He is the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),Founding Director of T. D. Lee Institute and Chief Scientist at the Wilczek Quantum Center,Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU),distinguished professor at Arizona State University (ASU) and full professor at Stockholm University.
In physics,an anyon is a type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems,with properties much less restricted than the two kinds of standard elementary particles,fermions and bosons. In general,the operation of exchanging two identical particles,although it may cause a global phase shift,cannot affect observables. Anyons are generally classified as abelian or non-abelian. Abelian anyons play a major role in the fractional quantum Hall effect.
The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a physical phenomenon in which the Hall conductance of 2-dimensional (2D) electrons shows precisely quantized plateaus at fractional values of ,where e is the electron charge and h is the Planck constant. It is a property of a collective state in which electrons bind magnetic flux lines to make new quasiparticles,and excitations have a fractional elementary charge and possibly also fractional statistics. The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Robert Laughlin,Horst Störmer,and Daniel Tsui "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations" The microscopic origin of the FQHE is a major research topic in condensed matter physics.
In physics,topological order is a kind of order in the zero-temperature phase of matter. Macroscopically,topological order is defined and described by robust ground state degeneracy and quantized non-Abelian geometric phases of degenerate ground states. Microscopically,topological orders correspond to patterns of long-range quantum entanglement. States with different topological orders cannot change into each other without a phase transition.
The Thirring model is an exactly solvable quantum field theory which describes the self-interactions of a Dirac field in (1+1) dimensions.
A Majorana fermion,also referred to as a Majorana particle,is a fermion that is its own antiparticle. They were hypothesised by Ettore Majorana in 1937. The term is sometimes used in opposition to a Dirac fermion,which describes fermions that are not their own antiparticles.
CLEO was a general purpose particle detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR),and the name of the collaboration of physicists who operated the detector. The name CLEO is not an acronym;it is short for Cleopatra and was chosen to go with CESR. CESR was a particle accelerator designed to collide electrons and positrons at a center-of-mass energy of approximately 10 GeV. The energy of the accelerator was chosen before the first three bottom quark Upsilon resonances were discovered between 9.4 GeV and 10.4 GeV in 1977. The fourth Υresonance,the Υ(4S),was slightly above the threshold for,and therefore ideal for the study of,B meson production.
Natalia Dubrovinskaia is a Swedish geologist of Russian origin.
Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) or sometimes specifically referred to as positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a non-destructive spectroscopy technique to study voids and defects in solids.
Subir Sachdev is Herchel Smith Professor of Physics at Harvard University specializing in condensed matter. He was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2014,and received the Lars Onsager Prize from the American Physical Society and the Dirac Medal from the ICTP in 2018. He was a co-editor of the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics from 2017–2019.
A composite fermion is the topological bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices,sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and,attached,an even number of magnetic flux quanta. Composite fermions were originally envisioned in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect,but subsequently took on a life of their own,exhibiting many other consequences and phenomena.
The Nosé–Hoover thermostat is a deterministic algorithm for constant-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. It was originally developed by Noséand was improved further by Hoover. Although the heat bath of Nosé–Hoover thermostat consists of only one imaginary particle,simulation systems achieve realistic constant-temperature condition. Therefore,the Nosé–Hoover thermostat has been commonly used as one of the most accurate and efficient methods for constant-temperature molecular dynamics simulations.
Piers Coleman is a British-born theoretical physicist,working in the field of theoretical condensed matter physics. Coleman is professor of physics at Rutgers University in New Jersey and at Royal Holloway,University of London.
In condensed matter physics,a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials. Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement,fractionalized excitations,and absence of ordinary magnetic order.
In theoretical physics,the logarithmic Schrödinger equation is one of the nonlinear modifications of Schrödinger's equation. It is a classical wave equation with applications to extensions of quantum mechanics,quantum optics,nuclear physics,transport and diffusion phenomena,open quantum systems and information theory,effective quantum gravity and physical vacuum models and theory of superfluidity and Bose–Einstein condensation. Its relativistic version was first proposed by Gerald Rosen. It is an example of an integrable model.
Ryan Milton Rohm is an American string theorist. He is one of four physicists known as the Princeton string quartet,and is responsible for the development of heterotic string theory along with David Gross,Jeffrey A. Harvey and Emil Martinec,the other members of the Princeton String Quartet.
James (Jim) P. Eisenstein is the Frank J. Roshek Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at the physics department of California Institute of Technology.
David Tománek (born July 1954) is a U.S.-Swiss physicist of Czech origin and researcher in nanoscience and nanotechnology. He is Emeritus Professor of Physics at Michigan State University. He is known for predicting the structure and calculating properties of surfaces,atomic clusters including the C60 buckminsterfullerene,nanotubes,nanowires and nanohelices,graphene,and two-dimensional materials including phosphorene.
A hopfion is a topological soliton. It is a stable three-dimensional localised configuration of a three-component field with a knotted topological structure. They are the three-dimensional counterparts of skyrmions,which exhibit similar topological properties in 2D.
Aron Pinczuk was an Argentine-American experimental condensed matter physicist who was professor of physics and professor of applied physics at Columbia University. He was known for his work on correlated electronic states in two dimensional systems using photoluminescence and resonant inelastic light scattering methods. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society,the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
