Frank Anthony Wilczek is an American theoretical physicist,mathematician and Nobel laureate. He is the Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),Founding Director of T. D. Lee Institute and Chief Scientist at the Wilczek Quantum Center,Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU),distinguished professor at Arizona State University (ASU) and full professor at Stockholm University.
In physics,an anyon is a type of quasiparticle so far observed only in two-dimensional systems. In three-dimensional systems,only two kinds of elementary particles are seen:fermions and bosons. Anyons have statistical properties intermediate between fermions and bosons. In general,the operation of exchanging two identical particles,although it may cause a global phase shift,cannot affect observables. Anyons are generally classified as abelian or non-abelian. Abelian anyons,detected by two experiments in 2020,play a major role in the fractional quantum Hall effect.
The Thirring model is an exactly solvable quantum field theory which describes the self-interactions of a Dirac field in (1+1) dimensions.
A topological quantum computer is a theoretical type of quantum computer proposed by Russian-American physicist Alexei Kitaev in 1997. It utilizes quasiparticles,known as anyons,in two-dimensional systems. These anyons' world lines intertwine to form braids in a three-dimensional spacetime. These braids act as the logic gates of the computer. The primary advantage of using quantum braids over trapped quantum particles is enhanced stability. While small,cumulative perturbations can cause quantum states to decohere and introduce errors in traditional quantum computations,such perturbations do not alter the topological properties of the braids. This stability is akin to the difference between cutting and reattaching a string to form a different braid versus a ball colliding with a wall.
Bismuth-209 (209Bi) is an isotope of bismuth,with the longest known half-life of any radioisotope that undergoes α-decay. It has 83 protons and a magic number of 126 neutrons,and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 amu. Primordial bismuth consists entirely of this isotope.
CLEO was a general purpose particle detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR),and the name of the collaboration of physicists who operated the detector. The name CLEO is not an acronym;it is short for Cleopatra and was chosen to go with CESR. CESR was a particle accelerator designed to collide electrons and positrons at a center-of-mass energy of approximately 10 GeV. The energy of the accelerator was chosen before the first three bottom quark Upsilon resonances were discovered between 9.4 GeV and 10.4 GeV in 1977. The fourth Υresonance,the Υ(4S),was slightly above the threshold for,and therefore ideal for the study of,B meson production.
Natalia Dubrovinskaia is a Swedish geologist of Russian origin.
Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) or sometimes specifically referred to as positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a non-destructive spectroscopy technique to study voids and defects in solids.
A composite fermion is the topological bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices,sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and,attached,an even number of magnetic flux quanta. Composite fermions were originally envisioned in the context of the fractional quantum Hall effect,but subsequently took on a life of their own,exhibiting many other consequences and phenomena.
The Nosé–Hoover thermostat is a deterministic algorithm for constant-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. It was originally developed by Shuichi Noséand was improved further by William G. Hoover. Although the heat bath of Nosé–Hoover thermostat consists of only one imaginary particle,simulation systems achieve realistic constant-temperature condition. Therefore,the Nosé–Hoover thermostat has been commonly used as one of the most accurate and efficient methods for constant-temperature molecular dynamics simulations.
Piers Coleman is a British-born theoretical physicist,working in the field of theoretical condensed matter physics. Coleman is professor of physics at Rutgers University in New Jersey and at Royal Holloway,University of London.
In condensed matter physics,a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials. Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement,fractionalized excitations,and absence of ordinary magnetic order.
In theoretical physics,the logarithmic Schrödinger equation is one of the nonlinear modifications of Schrödinger's equation,first proposed by Gerald H. Rosen in its relativistic version in 1969. It is a classical wave equation with applications to extensions of quantum mechanics,quantum optics,nuclear physics,transport and diffusion phenomena,open quantum systems and information theory,effective quantum gravity and physical vacuum models and theory of superfluidity and Bose–Einstein condensation. It is an example of an integrable model.
Ryan Milton Rohm is an American string theorist. He is one of four physicists known as the Princeton string quartet,and is responsible for the development of heterotic string theory along with David Gross,Jeffrey A. Harvey and Emil Martinec,the other members of the Princeton String Quartet.
James P. Eisenstein is an American physicist noted for his experimental research on strongly interacting two-dimensional electron systems. He is currently the Frank J. Roshek Professor of Physics and Applied Physics,Emeritus,at the California Institute of Technology.
Dynamic scaling is a litmus test that shows whether an evolving system exhibits self-similarity. In general a function is said to exhibit dynamic scaling if it satisfies:
David Tománek (born July 1954) is a U.S.-Swiss physicist of Czech origin and researcher in nanoscience and nanotechnology. He is Emeritus Professor of Physics at Michigan State University. He is known for predicting the structure and calculating properties of surfaces,atomic clusters including the C60 buckminsterfullerene,nanotubes,nanowires and nanohelices,graphene,and two-dimensional materials including phosphorene.
A hopfion is a topological soliton. It is a stable three-dimensional localised configuration of a three-component field with a knotted topological structure. They are the three-dimensional counterparts of 2D skyrmions,which exhibit similar topological properties in 2D. Hopfions are widely studied in many physical systems over the last half century.
Aron Pinczuk was an Argentine-American experimental condensed matter physicist who was professor of physics and professor of applied physics at Columbia University. He was known for his work on correlated electronic states in two dimensional systems using photoluminescence and resonant inelastic light scattering methods. He was a fellow of the American Physical Society,the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Zhenghan Wang is a Chinese-American mathematician. He is a principal researcher at Microsoft Station Q,as well as a professor of mathematics at the University of California,Santa Barbara.
