Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service,mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s,where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime,so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force.
The University of Bergen is a public research university located in Bergen,Norway. As of 2021,the university has over 4,000 employees and 19,000 students. It was established by an act of parliament in 1946 based on several older scientific institutions dating back to 1825,and is Norway's second-oldest university. It is considered one of Norway's four "established universities" and has faculties and programmes in all the fields of a classical university including fields that are traditionally reserved by law for established universities,including medicine and law. It is also one of Norway's leading universities in many natural sciences,including marine research and climate research. It is consistently ranked in the top one percentage among the world's universities,usually among the best 200 universities and among the best 10 or 50 universities worldwide in some fields such as earth and marine sciences. It is part of the Coimbra Group and of the U5 group of Norway's oldest and highest ranked universities.
The National Rally,until 2018 known as the National Front,is a French nationalist and right-wing populist party in France. It is the largest parliamentary opposition group in the National Assembly;it has seen its candidate reach the second round in the 2002,2017 and 2022 presidential elections. It is an anti-immigration party,advocating significant cuts to legal immigration and protection of French identity,as well as stricter control of illegal immigration. It also advocates for a 'more balanced' and 'independent' French foreign policy by opposing French military intervention in Africa and by distancing France from the American sphere of influence by leaving NATO's integrated command. It supports reform of the European Union (EU) and its related organisations. It also supports economic interventionism and protectionism,and zero tolerance of breaches of law and order. The party has been accused of promoting xenophobia and antisemitism.
The Selective Service System (SSS) is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on U.S. citizens and other U.S. residents potentially subject to military conscription and carries out contingency planning and preparations for two types of draft:a general draft based on registration lists of men aged 18–25,and a special-skills draft based on professional licensing lists of workers in specified health care occupations. In the event of either type of draft,the Selective Service System would send out induction notices,adjudicate claims for deferments or exemptions,and assign draftees classified as conscientious objectors to alternative service work. All U.S. citizens assigned male at birth and immigrant non-citizens who are between the ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays,and must notify the Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards,such as a change of address. The Selective Service System is a contingency mechanism for the possibility that conscription becomes necessary.
Marion Anne PerrineLe Pen is a French lawyer and politician who ran for the French presidency in 2012,2017,and 2022. A member of the National Rally,she served as its president from 2011 to 2021. She has been the member of the National Assembly for the 11th constituency of Pas-de-Calais since 2017. She currently serves as parliamentary party leader of the National Rally in the Assembly,a position she has held since June 2022. Le Pen has been widely described as being far-right on the political spectrum.
Central European University is a private research university with campuses in Vienna,Budapest,and New York. The university offers intensive graduate and undergraduate programs in the social sciences and humanities,and is known for its low student-faculty ratio,and a highly diverse international student body. Admissions are classified as highly selective with an acceptance rate of 13%. All CEU programs and courses are accredited in Austria,Hungary and the United States.
Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia,air forces,and naval forces,whether as a chosen job (volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription).
In the United States,military conscription,commonly known as the draft,has been employed by the U.S. federal government in six conflicts:the American Revolutionary War,the American Civil War,World War I,World War II,the Korean War,and the Vietnam War. The fourth incarnation of the draft came into being in 1940,through the Selective Training and Service Act;this was the country's first peacetime draft. From 1940 until 1973,during both peacetime and periods of conflict,men were drafted to fill vacancies in the U.S. Armed Forces that could not be filled through voluntary means. Active conscription in the United States ended in 1973,when the U.S. Armed Forces moved to an all-volunteer military. However,conscription remains in place on a contingency basis;all male U.S. citizens,regardless of where they live,and male immigrants,whether documented or undocumented,residing within the United States,who are 18 through 25 are required to register with the Selective Service System. United States federal law also continues to provide for the compulsory conscription of men between the ages of 17 and 44 who are,or who have made a declaration of intention to become,U.S. citizens,and additionally certain women,for militia service pursuant to Article I,Section 8 of the United States Constitution and 10 U.S. Code §246.
Patricia Hill Collins is an American academic specializing in race,class,and gender. She is a distinguished university professor of sociology emerita at the University of Maryland,College Park. She is also the former head of the Department of African-American Studies at the University of Cincinnati. Collins was elected president of the American Sociological Association (ASA),and served in 2009 as the 100th president of the association –the first African-American woman to hold this position.
Mounira Maya Charrad is a Franco-Tunisian sociologist who serves as associate professor of sociology at the University of Texas at Austin.
Bernd Marin is an Austrian social scientist.
Susan Visvanathan is an Indian sociologist,social anthropologist and a fiction writer. She is well known for her writings on religious dialogue and sociology of religion. Her first book Christians of Kerala:History,Belief and Ritual among the Yakoba is a pathbreaking work in the field of sociology of religion.
Marion Jeanne Caroline Maréchal,known as Marion Maréchal-Le Pen from 2010 to 2018,is a French far-right politician,part of the Le Pen family,granddaughter of National Front founder Jean-Marie Le Pen and niece of its current leader Marine Le Pen.
Julia Potter Adams is an American sociologist who works in the area of comparative and historical sociology. Julia Adams is a professor of Sociology. She conducts research in the areas of state building,gender and family,social theory and knowledge,early modern European politics,and Colonialism and empire. Her current research focuses on the historical sociology of agency relations and modernity,gender,race,and the representation of academic knowledge on Wikipedia and on other digital platforms. Adams is Professor of Sociology and International &Area Studies and Head of Grace Hopper College,Yale. She also co-directs YaleCHESS and is on the Board of Reed College.
Conscription,sometimes called "the draft",is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service,most often a military service. Men have been subjected to military drafts in most cases. Currently only two countries conscript women and men on the same formal conditions:Norway and Sweden.
Mahua Sarkar is an Indian historical sociologist. She is a professor of sociology at University of Toronto Scarborough and previously served as the Professor of Sociology,and Women,Gender and Sexuality Studies at Binghamton University. During the 2016–17 academic year,she was France-ILO chair at the Institut des Etudes Avancées in Nantes,France. In 2011–12,she was a fellow at Re:Work,the Work and Human Life Cycle in Global History institute at Humboldt University,Berlin,and in 2013-14 she was EURIAS fellow at the Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin.
Francisca de Haan is a Dutch historian and writer who specializes in women's and gender history. From 2002 until 2022,she has taught at the Central European University,first in Budapest and since 2020 located in Vienna,where she is now Professor Emerita of Gender Studies and History,as well as being a fellow at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. Her publications include A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms:Central,Eastern,and South Eastern Europe,19th and 20th Centuries (2006) and she is the founding editor of Aspasia:The International Yearbook of Central,Eastern and South Eastern European Women’s and Gender History. From 2005 to 2010,de Haan was vice-president of the International Federation for Research in Women's History.
Nonna Mayer is an academic French political scientist and researcher in political science. She is a research director at the CNRS,and a specialist of electoral sociology and of far right movements in France. She was president of the Association Française de Science Politique from 2005 to 2016.
The anti-gender movement is an international movement that opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology","gender theory" or "genderism",terms which cover a variety of issues and do not have a coherent definition. Members of the anti-gender movement primarily include those of the political right-wing and far right,such as right-wing populists,conservatives,and Christian fundamentalists. Anti-gender rhetoric has seen increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF) discourse since 2016. Members of the anti-gender movement oppose some LGBT rights,some reproductive rights,government gender policies,gender equality,gender mainstreaming,and gender studies academic departments. The anti-gender movement has been linked to the risk of "extreme violence" against the LGBT+ community.
Andrea Pető is a Hungarian historian. She is a professor in the Department of Gender Studies at Central European University and a Doctor at Science of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. She writes on political extremism and how it shapes the collective memory of society. Pető's work evaluates contemporary society from an inter-disciplinary and gendered perspective. She has analyzed the effects of Nazism and Stalinism on Hungary and Eastern Europe,as well as the participation of women in those movements. Petőhas been recognized for her contributions with the Officer's Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit,the Bolyai Prize of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,and the Madame de Staël Prize of the All European Academies.
