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Initiation factors are proteins that bind to the small subunit of the ribosome during the initiation of translation, a part of protein biosynthesis.
Elongation factors are a set of proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide. Bacteria and eukaryotes use elongation factors that are largely homologous to each other, but with distinct structures and different research nomenclatures.
EF-Tu is a prokaryotic elongation factor responsible for catalyzing the binding of an aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the ribosome. It is a G-protein, and facilitates the selection and binding of an aa-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome. As a reflection of its crucial role in translation, EF-Tu is one of the most abundant and highly conserved proteins in prokaryotes. It is found in eukaryotic mitochrondria as TUFM.
Protein-synthesizing GTPases are enzymes involved in mRNA translation into protein by the ribosome, with systematic name GTP phosphohydrolase (mRNA-translation-assisting). They usually include translation initiation factors such as IF-2 and translation elongation factors such as EF-Tu.
eEF-1 are two eukaryotic elongation factors. It forms two complexes, the EF-Tu homolog EF-1A and the EF-Ts homolog EF-1B, the former's guanide exchange factor. Both are also found in archaea.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF5A gene.
Elongation factor 1-delta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1D gene.
Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (eEF1a1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1A1 gene.
In enzymology, an elongation factor 2 kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:
Elongation factor 1-beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1B2 gene.
Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF2 gene. It is the archaeal and eukaryotic counterpart of bacterial EF-G.
Elongation factor 1-alpha 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1A2 gene.
Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase, also known as calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III (CAMKIII) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EEF2K gene.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A (eIF2A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF2A gene. The eIF2A protein is not to be confused with eIF2α, a subunit of the heterotrimeric eIF2 complex. Instead, eIF2A functions by a separate mechanism in eukaryotic translation.
EF-G is a prokaryotic elongation factor involved in protein translation. As a GTPase, EF-G catalyzes the movement (translocation) of transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) through the ribosome.
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (eIF2) is a eukaryotic initiation factor. It is required for most forms of eukaryotic translation initiation. eIF2 mediates the binding of tRNAiMet to the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. eIF2 is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit.
EF-P is an essential protein that in eubacteria stimulates the formation of the first peptide bonds in protein synthesis. Studies show that EF-P prevents ribosomes from stalling during the synthesis of proteins containing consecutive prolines. EF-P binds to a site located between the binding site for the peptidyl tRNA and the exiting tRNA. It spans both ribosomal subunits with its amino-terminal domain positioned adjacent to the aminoacyl acceptor stem and its carboxyl-terminal domain positioned next to the anticodon stem-loop of the P site-bound initiator tRNA. The EF-P protein shape and size is very similar to a tRNA and interacts with the ribosome via the exit “E” site on the 30S subunit and the peptidyl-transferase center (PTC) of the 50S subunit. EF-P is a translation aspect of an unknown function, therefore It probably functions indirectly by altering the affinity of the ribosome for aminoacyl-tRNA, thus increasing their reactivity as acceptors for peptidyl transferase.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 pseudogene 43 (eEF1A3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1A1P43 gene.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 2 (eEF1B3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1B2P2 gene.
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 3 (eEF1B4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1B2P3 gene.
References
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 beta 2 pseudogene 1" . Retrieved 2018-02-11.
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