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Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a milk-transmitted retrovirus like the HTL viruses, HI viruses, and BLV. It belongs to the genus Betaretrovirus. MMTV was formerly known as Bittner virus, and previously the "milk factor", referring to the extra-chromosomal vertical transmission of murine breast cancer by adoptive nursing, demonstrated in 1936, by John Joseph Bittner while working at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. Bittner established the theory that a cancerous agent, or "milk factor", could be transmitted by cancerous mothers to young mice from a virus in their mother's milk. The majority of mammary tumors in mice are caused by mouse mammary tumor virus.
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are endogenous viral elements in the genome that closely resemble and can be derived from retroviruses. They are abundant in the genomes of jawed vertebrates, and they comprise up to 5–8% of the human genome.
APOBEC3G is a human enzyme encoded by the APOBEC3G gene that belongs to the APOBEC superfamily of proteins. This family of proteins has been suggested to play an important role in innate anti-viral immunity. APOBEC3G belongs to the family of cytidine deaminases that catalyze the deamination of cytidine to uridine in the single stranded DNA substrate. The C-terminal domain of A3G renders catalytic activity, several NMR and crystal structures explain the substrate specificity and catalytic activity.
Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MX1 gene.
DNA damage-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDB1 gene.
Syncytin-1 also known as enverin is a protein found in humans and other primates that is encoded by the ERVW-1 gene. Syncytin-1 is a cell-cell fusion protein whose function is best characterized in placental development. The placenta in turn aids in embryo attachment to the uterus and establishment of a nutrient supply.
HERV-R_7q21.2 provirus ancestral envelope (Env) polyprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERV3 gene.
Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC20A1 gene.
Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFIT1 gene.
Neutral amino acid transporter A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A4 gene.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4H gene.
Probable rRNA-processing protein EBP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EBNA1BP2 gene.
Interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MX2 gene.
Syncytin-2 also known as endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERVFRD-1 gene. This protein plays a key role in the implantation of human embryos in the womb.
Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B3GALT5 gene.
Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC20A2 gene.
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit M (eIF3m) also known as PCI domain containing 1 (herpesvirus entry mediator) (PCID1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3M gene.
GBA2 is the gene that encodes the enzyme non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase in humans. It has glucosylceramidase activity.
Human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) or Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus (HDTV) is a family of human endogenous retroviruses associated with malignant tumors of the testes. Phylogenetically, the HERV-K group belongs to the ERV2 or Class II or Betaretrovirus-like supergroup. Over the past several years, it has been found that this group of ERVs play an important role in embryogenesis, but their expression is silenced in most cell types in healthy adults. The HERV-K family, and particularly its subgroup HML-2, is the youngest and most transcriptionally active group and hence, it is the best studied among other ERVs. Reactivation of it or anomalous expression of HML-2 in adult tissues has been associated with various types of cancer and with neurodegenerative diseases such as amytrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is related to mammary tumor virus in mice. It exists in the human and cercopithecoid genomes. Human genome contains hundreds of copies of HERV-K and many of them possess complete open reading frames (ORFs) that are transcribed and translated, especially in early embryogenesis and in malignancies. One notable location of HERV-K is the C4 gene of RCCX module. HERV-K is also found in apes and Old World monkeys. It is uncertain how long ago in primate evolution the full-length HERV-K proviruses which are in the human genome today were created.
Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W (HERV-W) is a family of Human Endogenous Retroviruses, or HERVs.
References
- ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Mayer J, Sauter M, Racz A, Scherer D, Mueller-Lantzsch N, Meese E (Mar 1999). "An almost-intact human endogenous retrovirus K on human chromosome 7". Nat Genet. 21 (3): 257–8. doi:10.1038/6766. PMID 10080172. S2CID 38753809.
- ↑ Reus K, Mayer J, Sauter M, Scherer D, Muller-Lantzsch N, Meese E (Jun 2001). "Genomic organization of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2.HOM) (ERVK6) on chromosome 7". Genomics. 72 (3): 314–20. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6488. PMID 11401447.
- ↑ "Entrez Gene: ERVK6 endogenous retroviral sequence K, 6".
