Ecojustice Canada

Last updated
Ecojustice Canada
Formation1990;34 years ago (1990)
FoundersStewart Elgie
Greg McDade
Don Lidstone
Michael M'Conigle
John Rich
Don Rosenbloom
Rick Sutherland
Andrew Thompson
Joan Vance
Type NGO
Legal statuscharity
Purpose environmental law
HeadquartersVancouver, British Columbia
Region
Canada
Key people
President and Chair Lori Williams
Vice Chair Anna Reid
Treasurer Ian Burgess
Secretary Will Roush
Website www.ecojustice.ca
Formerly called
Sierra Legal Defence Fund

Ecojustice Canada (formerly Sierra Legal Defence Fund prior to September 2007), is a Canadian non-profit environmental law organization [1] that provides funding to lawyers to use litigation to defend and protect the environment. [2] Ecojustice is Canada's largest environmental law charity.

Contents

Background

In 1990 the Sierra Legal Defence Fund was incorporated as a charity. Founding board members included Stewart Elgie, Don Lidstone, Dr. Michael M'Conigle, John Rich, Don Rosenbloom, Rick Sutherland, Dr. Andrew Thompson, and Joan Vance and Greg McDade, a lawyer, was the executive director. [3] Stewart Elgie worked in Alaska as an environmental lawyer where he was involved in the litigation following the March 24, 1989, Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, which was the "worst oil spill in U.S. waters" until BP's 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. [4] The next year, when Elgie returned to Canada, he founded Ecojustice. [5] Lidstone served as Sierra Legal Defence Fund/EcoJustice founding director from 1990 to 1999. [6] Michael M'Gonigle was chairman of the board of Greenpeace Canada, co-founder of Greenpeace International, law professor and member of the Broadbent Institute. [7]

Clients

Clients have included Greenpeace, the Pembina Institute, Sierra Club of Canada, Living Oceans Society, Environmental Defence Canada, Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE), Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Prairie Acid Rain Coalition, and Toxics Watch Society. They represented Stephen Lewis, who was the chair of 1988 World Conference on the Changing Atmosphere which was held in Toronto; York University's Tzeporah Berman; Dalhousie University's atmospheric scientist, Thomas Duck; University of Alberta's Killam Memorial professor David Schindler (now retired); and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) lead Danny Harvey. [8]

Cases

Kearl Oil Sands Project

On February 27, 2007, a joint provincial-federal regulatory panel, which consisted of the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA), gave their approval [9] for Imperial Oil's "massive" $8 billion Kearl Oil Sands (KOS) Project, which would create four open-pit mines north of Fort McMurray, Alberta. [10] Based on the joint panel's "positive environmental assessment", the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) also authorized a "key water permit" for the KOS site. [11] In the spring of 2007, Ecojustice (then Sierra Legal) launched legal action on behalf of a "coalition of environmental groups"—"Sierra Club of Canada, Pembina Institute, Prairie Acid Rain Coalition and Toxics Watch Society" [11] —in Canada's Federal Court to overturn the regulatory approval, [10] saying that "the project would destroy huge tracts of boreal forest and muskeg in the province's northern regions." [11] The Pembina Institute's Simon Dyer said that the "joint panel has rubber-stamped another oil sands mega-project in the absence of clear answers about how to restore wetlands, rehabilitate toxic tailings ponds, protect migratory bird populations, or address escalating greenhouse gas pollution." [10] In early March, when a federal judge ruled that the "federal-provincial assessment panel approved the Kearl development without adequately explaining its rationale," [10] the DFO revoked the KOS water permit. [11] Imperial challenged the decision in court but lost. [11] The joint panel then submitted a "more detailed rationale" justifying its "conclusion that Kearl posed no serious environmental concern." [11] The DFO then reinstated the water permit and in June 2008 Imperial Oil was granted permission to begin the KOS project. [11] Although the DFO gave Imperial a "dozen pages of conditions" including "provisions for sediment and erosion control, plans to avoid a net loss of wildlife and provisions to transfer fish affected by the dredging to other bodies of water", Dyer said they it would be "extremely disappointing" if this did not include provisions for adequate "greenhouse-gas mitigation". He said that, the "federal government missed a real opportunity to show they're serious about dealing with climate change" by not including provisions for adequate "greenhouse-gas mitigation", without which this project would be "contributing to a growing problem over the next 50 years". [11]

Climate denial groups

In December 2015 Ecojustice filed an official complaint against the Calgary-based non-profit advocacy organization group—the Friends of Science (FoS), the International Climate Science Coalition, and the Heartland Institute—under the Competition Act with the Competition Bureau of Canada on behalf of Stephen Lewis, Tzeporah Berman Thomas Duck, David Schindler, Danny Harvey and two others, in which they called for a criminal investigation. [8] [12] The Advertising Standards Canada (now Ad Standards) had ruled the Friends of Science ads—which appeared prior to the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) talks, held in Paris from November 30 to December 12—with messages of "overzealous" climate policies paid for by Canadian "taxpayers' money". By December, in spite of the ruling, FoS has placed billboards in major Canadian cities with messages such as "The sun is the main driver of climate change. Not you." [12] According to Charles Hatt, an Ecojustice lawyer, "The Competition Act makes it an offence to knowingly or recklessly make a false or misleading representation for promotion of business interests. This is an attack on science." [12] According to a December 8, 2015 article in Ecojustice's Now Magazine, FoS's funding sources were unknown. [12] Although Talisman Energy had donated $175,000 to FoS in 2004 under Talisman's previous president, by 2015, the new president no longer shared FoS's views on climate change. [12] The Competition Bureau notified Ecojustice lawyer Charles Hatt, in a June 29, 2017 letter, that the inquiry concerning "allegations that Friends of Science Society, International Climate Science Coalition and Heartland Institute made misleading representations regarding climate change on their respective websites and, in the case of Friends of Science Society, on billboards" had been discontinued. [13]

Trans Mountain Pipeline

In 2017 Ecojustice, acting on behalf of their clients Raincoast Conservation Foundation and Living Oceans Society, won the court case that overturned the federal government's approval of the Canadian division of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners' $7.4-billion Trans Mountain Pipeline project, which resulted in the National Energy Board (NEB) being forced to "re-evaluate the projects marine shipping impacts". The successful lawsuit "halted construction on the expansion". [14] On November 6, 2017, McDade sent a letter to Kinder Morgan seeking an apology to the "City of Burnaby and its professional staff" following accusations that Burnaby had stalled construction of the Canadian division of Kinder Morgan Energy Partners' Trans Mountain Pipeline project. McDade stated in his letter that Burnaby's "regulatory process has been applied in good faith, as the evidence will readily show in the motion before the NEB." [15] Following a June 2019 re-approval of the Trans Mountain project by the federal Cabinet government, in July 2019, lawyers from Ecojustice filed a motion with the Federal Court of Appeal to challenge the Cabinet's decision. [14]

Volkswagen emissions scandal

In June 2017, Ecojustice, on behalf of the Canadian advocacy group Environmental Defence Canada, asked Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Canada's environment ministry, to "instigate an inquiry" into Volkswagen's alleged illegal actions in regards to emissions. [16] Environment Canada—now known as Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC)—had undertaken an investigation in September 2015 to verify that Volkswagen had installed "defeat devices" designed to bypass emission control tests in Canada. [17] An agreement was reached on December 15, 2016. [18] [19] According to a September 16, 2018 article in the Vancouver Sun, since 2015, while United States, German and other national governments had fined Volkswagen "billions of dollars and sent some of its top executives to jail for breaking environmental laws", by the fall of 2018, the Canadian federal government had done nothing. [20] The Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE) are also a client of Ecojustice on this case. On July 23, 2019 Ecojustice lawyers on behalf of Environmental Defence "applied for a judicial review to challenge the failure of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change to properly report progress on an investigation requested by EDC staff in July 2017 as required by Public Participation provisions in the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA)." [21]

Ontario cancelled cap-and-trade

In September 2018, Ecojustice lawyers, in "partnership with the uOttawa-Ecojustice Environmental Law Clinic", filed a lawsuit against the Ontario provincial government on behalf of Greenpeace alleging that the "Ford government unlawfully failed to provide for public consultation on a regulation that ended Ontario's cap and trade program and on Bill 4, the Cap and Trade Cancellation Act, 2018, currently before the legislature." [22] [23]

Bill C-69

In a May 14, 2019 CBC News article, Environmental Defence's Julia Levin and Ecojustice lawyer, Joshua Ginsberg, expressed concern that proposed amendments to Bill C-69 would favour industry over the environment. [24]

Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns

Alberta Premier Jason Kenney's one-year $2.5 million Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns, which he announced on July 4, 2019, [25] [26] is led by a forensic accountant, Steve Allan, with a "mandate to investigate foreign-funded efforts". [27] Kenney cited "the intrepid reporting of journalist Vivian Krause", who has spent ten years examining foreign funding of Canadian environmental non-profit organizations (ENGOs) when he made his announcement. [28]

Ecojustice Canada Society v Alberta

In September 2019, Ecojustice issued a letter of warning of a potential legal challenge to commissioner Allan, asking for a response within 30 days. [29]

Ecojustice is saying that changes must be made to the mandate of the Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns. According to The Globe and Mail , "environmental and activist groups are mobilizing against the public inquiry". Ecojustice says the "inquiry is unlawful and possibly unconstitutional because of the language used in the mandate" given to commissioner Steve Allan. Ecojustice said the inquiry labels "environmental groups critical of oil and gas development as 'anti-Alberta.'" [30]

On November 21, 2019, Ecojustice lawyer Devon Page filed the lawsuit Ecojustice Canada Society v Alberta in the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta in Calgary. [31] While the "factual premise" underlying the inquiry have been "seriously challenged several times", the lawsuit is the "first challenge to its legality". [31] The Ecojustice "lawsuit also alleges that inquiry commissioner Steve Allan was a donor to the UCP leadership campaign of Doug Schweitzer, now Alberta’s justice minister, who appointed him to the job." [31]

On November 26, 2020, Court of Queen's Bench Justice Karen Horner dismissed Ecojustice's application for an injunction to pause the Inquiry partly because of the "strong public interest in ensuring the orderly, uninterrupted, and timely progression of the Inquiry." [32] [Notes 1] [33] Judge Horner said that since the Inquiry was in its second phase at the end of November 2020, and that in that phase the Inquiry would be "contacting organizations of interest in order to solicit their response" and that by November 26, the Inquiry had not published any "finding of misconduct" on Ecojustice's part, there was therefore "no evidence that the Inquiry contains unfounded and untested allegations against Ecojustice" harmful to its reputation. [32] Ecojustice CEO Devon Page said that they would continue to challenge Inquiry activities and "expose it for the sham that it is". [33]

Orphan wells

In January 2019, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in favour of the Alberta Energy Regulator and Orphan Well Association in a case filed against the Alberta oil and gas company Redwater Energy. Redwater had gone bankrupt in 2015, leaving behind orphaned oil and gas wells that "needed to be cleaned up and decommissioned". [34] In 2018, Ecojustice had intervened in the Supreme Court hearing on who is responsible for cleaning up orphan wells after following a bankruptcy. [34] [35] On January 31, 2019, in the case of Redwater Energy, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled 5–2 overturning "two lower court decisions that said bankruptcy law has paramountcy over provincial environmental responsibilities". [36] The Supreme Court of Canada "allowed an appeal brought by the AER and the OWA from the decision of the Alberta Court of Appeal in Orphan Well Association v Grant Thornton Limited (Redwater). The "case has been one of the most closely watched by the Canadian oil and gas industry in decades". [37] Redwater lawyers said that it was not possible for the company to comply with both the federal and provincial legislation in regards to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA). [37] The January 31 ruling means that "bankruptcy is not a licence to ignore environmental regulations, and there is no inherent conflict between federal bankruptcy laws and provincial environmental regulations." [36]

Parterships

Ecojustice partnered with the University of Ottawa in the uOttawa-Ecojustice Environmental Law Clinic, which is a "problem-based educational learning course designed to help train the next generation of environmental law and policy leaders." [16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The Ecojustice attorney was Barry Robinson, Doreen Mueller, Q.C. and Peter Bujis represented Alberta's Attorney General and David Wachowich represented J. Stephens Allan.

Related Research Articles

Earthjustice is a nonprofit public interest organization based in the United States dedicated to litigating environmental issues. Headquartered in San Francisco, they have an international program, a communications team, and a policy and legislation team in Washington, D.C., along with 14 regional offices across the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teck Resources</span> Natural resources company

Teck Resources Limited, known as Teck Cominco until late 2008, is a diversified natural resources company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, that is engaged in mining and mineral development, including coal for the steelmaking industry, copper, zinc, and energy. Secondary products include lead, silver, gold, molybdenum, germanium, indium and cadmium. Teck Resources was formed from the amalgamation of Teck and Cominco in 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers</span> Canadian oil group

The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), with its head office in Calgary, Alberta, is a lobby group that represents the upstream Canadian oil and natural gas industry. CAPP's members produce "90% of Canada's natural gas and crude oil" and "are an important part of a national industry with revenues of about $100 billion-a-year ."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sierra Club Canada</span> Canadian environmental organization

The Sierra Club Canada Foundation (SCCF) is a Canadian environmental organization made up of a national branch and five chapters in Ontario, Atlantic Canada, Québec, the Prairies, and a nation-wide Youth chapter. The organization's mission is to 'empower people to be leaders in protecting, restoring and enjoying healthy and safe ecosystems.'

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linda Duncan</span> Canadian lawyer and politician

Linda Francis Duncan is a Canadian lawyer and former politician who served as the member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Edmonton Strathcona from 2008 until 2019. A member of the New Democratic Party (NDP), Duncan was the only non-Conservative MP from Alberta from 2008 to 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kearl Oil Sands Project</span>

The Kearl Oil Sands Project is an oil sands mine in the Athabasca Oil Sands region at the Kearl Lake area, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) north of Fort McMurray in Alberta, Canada that is operated by the 143-year old Calgary, Alberta-headquartered Imperial Oil Limited—one of the largest integrated oil companies in Canada. Kearl is owned by Imperial Oil and is controlled by Imperial's parent company, ExxonMobil—an American multinational that is one of the largest in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alberta Energy Regulator</span> Agency that regulates energy resources of Alberta, Canada

The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) is a Canadian crown corporation responsible for regulating the development of energy resources in Alberta. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, the AER's mandate under the Responsible Energy Development Act (REDA), passed on 10 December 2012 and proclaimed on 17 June 2013, is to provide safe, efficient, orderly, and environmentally responsible development of energy resources in the province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans Mountain pipeline</span> Oil pipeline in southwestern Canada

The Trans Mountain Pipeline System, or simply the Trans Mountain Pipeline(TMPL), is a multiple product pipeline system that carries crude and refined products from Edmonton, Alberta, to the coast of British Columbia, Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change litigation</span> Use of legal practice to further climate change mitigation

Climate change litigation, also known as climate litigation, is an emerging body of environmental law using legal practice to set case law precedent to further climate change mitigation efforts from public institutions, such as governments and companies. In the face of slow politics of climate change delaying climate change mitigation, activists and lawyers have increased efforts to use national and international judiciary systems to advance the effort. Climate litigation typically engages in one of five types of legal claims: Constitutional law, administrative law, private law (challenging corporations or other organizations for negligence, nuisance, etc., fraud or consumer protection, or human rights.

Carbon pricing in Canada is implemented either as a regulatory fee or tax levied on the carbon content of fuels at the Canadian provincial, territorial or federal level. Provinces and territories of Canada are allowed to create their own system of carbon pricing as long as they comply with the minimum requirements set by the federal government; individual provinces and territories thus may have a higher tax than the federally mandated one but not a lower one. Currently, all provinces and territories are subject to a carbon pricing mechanism, either by an in-province program or by one of two federal programs. As of April 2023 the federal minimum tax is set at CA$65 per tonne of CO2 equivalent, set to increase to CA$170 in 2030.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orphan wells in Alberta, Canada</span> Inactive oil or gas sites in Alberta with no solvent owner

Orphan wells in Alberta, Canada are inactive oil or gas well sites that have no solvent owner that can be held legally or financially accountable for the decommissioning and reclamation obligations to ensure public safety and to address environmental liabilities.

Melina Laboucan-Massimo is a climate justice and Indigenous rights advocate from the Lubicon Cree community of Little Buffalo in northern Alberta, Canada. Growing up with firsthand experience of the effects of oil and gas drilling on local communities, she began advocating for an end to resource extraction in Indigenous territories but shifted focus to supporting a renewable energy transition after a ruptured pipeline spilled approximately 4.5 million litres of oil near Little Buffalo in 2011.

Global Energy Monitor (GEM) is a San Francisco–based non-governmental organization which catalogs fossil fuel and renewable energy projects worldwide. GEM shares information in support of clean energy and its data and reports on energy trends are widely cited by governments, media, and academic researchers.

The Canadian province of Alberta faces a number of environmental issues related to natural resource extraction—including oil and gas industry with its oil sands—endangered species, melting glaciers in banff, floods and droughts, wildfires, and global climate change. While the oil and gas industries generates substantial economic wealth, the Athabasca oil sands, which are situated almost entirely in Alberta, are the "fourth most carbon intensive on the planet behind Algeria, Venezuela and Cameroon" according to an August 8, 2018 article in the American Association for the Advancement of Science's journal Science. This article details some of the environmental issues including past ecological disasters in Alberta and describes some of the efforts at the municipal, provincial and federal level to mitigate the risks and impacts.

Andrew Leach is a Canadian energy and environmental economist and a contributing writer to a number of Canadian news outlets including The Globe and Mail, and Maclean's. His research areas span energy and environmental economics—including topics such as oil sands regulation, clean energy innovations, with a specific focus on climate change policies.

The Canadian Energy Centre Limited (CEC), also commonly called the "Energy War Room", is an Alberta provincial corporation mandated to promote Alberta's energy industry and rebut "domestic and foreign-funded campaigns against Canada's oil and gas industry". The creation of an organization to promote Alberta's oil and gas industries was a campaign promise by United Conservative Party leader Jason Kenney during the 2019 Alberta general election. After winning a majority of seats in the election, Kenney's government inaugurated the CEC with a $2.84 million budget in December 2019. The CEC originally had an annual budget of CA$30 million which was decreased to $CA12 million. The CEC has been the subject of several controversies since its establishment, including accusations of plagiarizing logo designs. The CEC attracted widespread media attention when it launched a campaign against the Netflix animated children's movie Bigfoot Family because it cast Alberta's oil and gas industry in a negative light.

Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns was a $3.5 million inquiry led by Steve Allan, commissioned on July 4, 2019, by newly elected Alberta Premier Jason Kenney and tasked with investigating foreign-funded efforts to undermine the oil and gas industry. Premier Kenney, whose United Conservative Party (UCP) had won a majority of seats in the 2019 Alberta general election, announced the creation of the Canadian Energy Centre (CEC), a Calgary-based $30 million 'war room' to "fight misinformation related to oil and gas", on the same day as the creation of the inquiry—to fulfill election campaign promises. The Public Inquiry into Anti-Alberta Energy Campaigns which would include interviews, research, and potentially, public hearings.

Selected timeline related to orphan wells in Alberta, Canada is a list of events relevant to orphan wells in Alberta, Canada. Orphan wells are inactive oil or gas well sites that have no solvent owner that can be held legally or financially accountable for the decommissioning and reclamation obligations to ensure public safety and to address environmental liabilities.

References

  1. ↑ Vasil, Adria (December 8, 2015). "Ecojustice calls for probe into climate-change-denying ads". Now . Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  2. ↑ About Ecojustice — Ecojustice Canada
  3. ↑ "Our story". Ecojustice. nd. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  4. ↑ Leahy, Stephen (March 22, 2019). "Exxon Valdez changed the oil industry forever—but new threats emerge". National Geographic. Archived from the original on March 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Elgie, Stewart". People, Institute of the Environment, University of Ottawa . nd. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  6. ↑ Don Lidstone , retrieved October 25, 2019
  7. ↑ Michael M'Conigle , retrieved October 25, 2019
  8. 1 2 Mandel, Charles (December 3, 2015). "Breaking: Ecojustice files complaint with Competition Bureau against climate denial groups". National Observer. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  9. ↑ "Joint Review Panel Established by the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board and the Government of Canada" (PDF). Energy Resources Conservation Board. February 27, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2019.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Environmental groups sue over Kearl project". The Globe and Mail. March 30, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Imperial Oil gets green light to break ground on Kearl Project". CBC News and the Canadian Press. June 6, 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Vasil, Adria (December 8, 2015). "Ecojustice calls for probe into climate-change-denying ads". Now . Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  13. ↑ June 29, 2017 letter from Competition Bureau to Charles Hatt re Inquiry discontinued (PDF), June 29, 2017, retrieved October 25, 2019
  14. 1 2 Venton, Margot; Tuytel, Dyna (nd). "Trans Mountain 2.0: Challenging the federal government's project approval". Ecojustice. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  15. ↑ Verenca, Tereza (November 6, 2017). "Burnaby seeks apology from Saskatchewan's attorney general over pipeline remarks". Burnaby Now. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  16. 1 2 "Environmental groups go to court over emissions-cheating scandal". Ecojustice. October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  17. ↑ Keenan, Greg (22 September 2015). "Environment Canada opens investigation into VW scandal". The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  18. ↑ "Settlement Agreement" (PDF). Volkswagen/Audi 2.0-Litre TDI Emissions Settlement Program in Canada. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  19. ↑ "Exhibit 5: Estimated Settlement Payments" (PDF). Volkswagen/Audi 2.0-Litre TDI Emissions Settlement Program in Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  20. ↑ Cruickshank, Ainslie (September 16, 2018). "Critics slam Canada's response to Volkswagen emissions scandal, three years after it was discovered". Star Metro and Vancouver Sun. Vancouver. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  21. ↑ "Volkswagen "Dieselgate" Timeline". Environmental Defence. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Greenpeace is suing Ontario for unlawfully cancelling cap and trade program". Daily Hive. Toronto, Ontario. September 11, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  23. ↑ "Court rules Ford government broke the law when it scrapped cap-and-trade program". Daily Hive. Toronto, Ontario. October 10, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  24. ↑ Rabson, Mia (May 14, 2019). "Senators bowing to oil industry pressure to gut assessment bill, environmentalists say". CBC and the Canadian Press. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  25. ↑ "FAQ". Public inquiry into anti-Alberta energy campaigns. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  26. ↑ "Public inquiry into anti-Alberta energy campaigns". Anti-Energy campaigns. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  27. ↑ Clancy, Clare (September 9, 2019). "Public inquiry into international campaigns related to energy launches website". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  28. ↑ "Standing Up for Alberta, Fighting the Foreign-Funded Special Interests". United Conservative Party (UCP) (Press release). Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  29. ↑ Krugel, Lauren (September 18, 2019). "Alberta inquiry into oil and gas foes could face legal challenge from Ecojustice". The Canadian Press via City News. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  30. ↑ Giovannetti, Justin (September 2019). "Environmental group Ecojustice threatens legal challenge over Alberta public inquiry" . Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  31. 1 2 3 Weber, Bob (November 21, 2019). "Ecojustice Canada lawsuit seeks to quash 'anti-Alberta' inquiry". Canadian Press (CP) via Edmonton Journal. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
  32. 1 2 Ecojustice Canada Society v Alberta, 2020 (PDF), November 11, 2020, archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2021, retrieved January 30, 2021 20201126 Docket: 1901 16255 Registry: Calgary
  33. 1 2 Krugel, Lauren (November 30, 2020). "Judge tosses application to pause Alberta inquiry into funding of oil and gas foes". Canadian Press via National Post. Calgary, Alberta. Retrieved January 30, 2021.
  34. 1 2 Stilwell, Kurt; Robinson, Barry (2019). "Upholding the polluter-pays principle when bankrupt companies leave oil and gas wells behind". Ecojustice. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  35. ↑ "Orphan Well Association v. Grant Thornton Ltd.", Supreme Court of Canada, Supreme Court Judgments, January 31, 2019, retrieved October 25, 2019
  36. 1 2 Johnson, Tracy (January 31, 2019). "Supreme Court rules energy companies must clean up old wells — even in bankruptcy". CBC News. Retrieved 2019-02-05.
  37. 1 2 Canada: Supreme Court Of Canada Allows Redwater Appeal: Regulator Entitled To Super-Priority For Abandonment And Reclamation Costs. Restructuring and Insolvency Bulletin. Adam C. Maerov, Kourtney Rylands, Preet Saini

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.