The Eddie Polec murder case centers on the murder of a 16-year-old Edward William Polec,[1] that took place on the front steps of his church in the PhiladelphiaFox Chase neighbourhood on the night of Friday, November 11, 1994. The case drew national media attention because it happened in a middle-class residential part of the city not customarily known for such a crime. Adding to its controversy was that it was carried out by a band of mixed-race youth from neighbouring Montgomery County's upscale suburban Abington Township.[1][2] The Philadelphia 911 emergency phone service and the Philadelphia police were reported to have been extraordinarily slow in responding that night.[1][3]
The murder of Eddie Polec was the result of minor hostilities that had developed between Fox Chase youths and a young female from Abington Township the week before, outside a Fox Chase McDonald's Restaurant. A group of Fox Chase teenagers were alleged to have upset the girl by tossing a plastic cup of soda into her car. This much was later admitted to by the Fox Chase youth.[1] However, when word of the incident got back to Abington Township, it grew out of proportion to include a false rumour that she had been raped in the McDonald's parking lot.[1][2] In response, a group of Abington teenagers decided to retaliate on her behalf in conjunction with a warning she had allegedly made the night of the initial incident just before departing Fox Chase: "You're all getting [expletive] beat up next weekend".[4]
According to witnesses, she was seen again in Fox Chase early the following Friday night driving the same vehicle, this time along with Abington youths in another car; the passengers of both cars making threats similar to the one she had made the week before. Both vehicles then departed Fox Chase, and at around 9:30 PM five carloads packed with other Abington teenagers arrived in their wake in what was described as a tightly formed caravan.[1] It first stopped at a Fox Chase 7-Eleven store and, after taking over its parking lot, some of its passengers got out and demanded directions to the McDonald's. The one perceived to be the leader was overheard to say, "Come on, we have to do this. We have a job to get done. Let's do this before the police come." Before returning to their cars he was witnessed jumping up and down shouting: "I'm so psyched, I could kill someone.[1]"
Initial assaults
Just before 10:00 P.M.[5] the caravan arrived at the McDonald's. Its passengers then jumped out and began chasing every Fox Chase youth they saw with broken-off hockey sticks[4] and baseball bats. According to one account, they outnumbered the Fox Chase teenagers thirteen to two. They cornered one and began severely beating him with bats until his friends could pull him free. The Fox Chase teenagers then scattered, but the rampage spread out to encompass a much wider portion of Fox Chase.
Residents witnessing the melee overtaking their normally peaceful neighbourhood began calling Philadelphia's 911 emergency response service in growing numbers, each caller expecting police to be sent out right away.[4] Some callers described what looked to be as many as 40 to 50 kids shouting obscenities,[4] smashing bottles, hurling rocks, and breaking car windows.[1]
But with no police patrol cars being dispatched, the caravan began racing recklessly throughout Fox Chase until finally zeroing in on one particular young male it saw near to the front steps of Saint Cecilia's Catholic Church, Eddie Polec, who had been waiting there to walk home with his younger brother. Eddie was then chased down by the succession of cars coming toward him. As the caravan sharply pulled into the church's parking lot, cutting him off while simultaneously blocking other Fox Chase youths from coming to his aid, he tried running farther, but the first passenger out threw a baseball bat at his legs causing him to fall. At that point, the Abington teenager and others began striking him with baseball bats as he lay on the ground pleading for his life. He was then stood up so that some in the group could take bat swings directly at his head. After suffering eight forceful blows to the head this way he was then dropped back to the pavement, at which point another, wearing steel-tipped boots, kicked him several times in the face.[5] With that final assault, the assailants then quickly fled in their caravan and were said to have been laughing and high-fiving one another as it sped away.[1] Authorities would later describe it as having been one of the most brutal murders in all Philadelphia history.[5]
Arrival of police
It was 45 minutes after the first 911 call was placed that police were finally dispatched to the scene.[4] By then, Eddie Polec lay bloodied and unconscious on the steps of the church.[1][6] He was immediately rushed to hospital. Despite medics' best efforts, the following morning Eddie Polec was pronounced dead.[1][4]
It would later emerge that while Eddie's friends gathered in mourning outside the church where he had been killed the night before, four teenage girls from Abington who had been part of the caravan the night before, attended a party for a friend just a few blocks away from the church, seemingly unfazed by it.[1]
News coverage
The news coverage of Eddie Polec's murder quickly went national, with the failure on the part of Philadelphia's 911 operators receiving special emphasis, much of the blame being placed directly on them. Fox Chase residents and others had complained about them being insensitive and unresponsive, and even expressing resentment as the callers tried to make clear the matter's urgency.
The head of the union representing the operators stated that the reason for their questionable performance was that they had been working with outdated equipment, were underpaid, and had not been trained properly by the city.
Nonetheless, Philadelphia's Mayor Ed Rendell took immediate disciplinary action against them, saying, "Flaws in the system in no way, shape or form give anybody license to be abusive to citizens calling to report a crime.[4]" In their defence the operators soon after appeared on ABC's The Oprah Winfrey Show,[1][7] where they tried to argue that they had done a good job that night. However, 911 tapes that had been released by the police were getting extensive airplay nationally by that point and they supported the callers' accusations.[4] The 911 operators themselves, meanwhile, believed that because they were all African American they were being made political scapegoats.[1][4] That claim was denounced by the president of Philadelphia's branch of the NAACP, Thornhill Cosby, who said: "This is not a racial issue. It is a human issue.[3]"
The 911 call handlers appealed the city's disciplinary action and were eventually exonerated. The mayor, in response to this tragedy, created a commission to explore ways the 911 system could be improved upon.
The investigation of Eddie Polec's murder led to the arrest of seven Abington teenagers, aged 16 to 18, with six of them charged with murder, and the seventh for supplying the bats used in the crime. All of them were found to have some school disciplinary records,[5] in some instances for violent behaviour,[1] and one had been expelled for bringing a gun into school. Several of them were on probation for various offences.
Four of them were students at Abington High School, another had graduated from there, and two attended other schools.[1][5] The investigation also revealed that many other youths from Abington had also been involved, though they were never charged. The reason why, it was argued, was to keep the case manageable, given the extraordinary extent of it. As one Philadelphia police officer put it, when youths from Abington were brought into Philadelphia's police headquarters for purposes of establishing witnesses they all acted like suspects. All the females were described as being defiantly untruthful while all the males showed no signs of sympathy towards the victim.[1]
When the news emerged that teenagers from Abington were behind it, Abington declared the week "Nonviolent Conflict Resolution Week".[1] Fellow students at Abington High School were reported to be in shock, having a great deal of difficulty comprehending how this crime could have originated from what they had perceived to be idyllic suburbia free of such type behavior. The mother of one of the perpetrators, speaking on condition of anonymity, said, "These are suburban kids – you don't figure them to go bad. It's not their character to be a rough group of kids."[3]
Nonetheless, the news media attacks on Abington's newly acquired bad image continued, with the Daily News in its front-page headline calling Abington High School "MURDER HIGH" alongside a graphic of the school's crest, with a subheading: "They're suspects in Fox Chase beating – and they're walking the halls in Abington." This particular report drew strong criticism from Eddie Polec's younger brother, who in a local TV news spot insisted it mischaracterized Abington kids as he knew them to be. The Polec family appeared on local television pleading for calm and to allow the courts to handle the matter. This plea on their part proved effective. Following it not a single retaliation attempt was reported, although news media attacks on Philadelphia's 911 system continued unabashed. These criticisms grew so intense that they threatened to fully derail the mayoral administration of Ed Rendell, who up till then had been praised as a fast-rising star on the U.S. political stage and had been hailed as "America's Mayor" by The Wall Street Journal. In his defence he appeared on Larry King Live and other national broadcasts in efforts to distance himself from what he summarized as a defective carryover from previous administrations that he vowed to amend. Still, the bad publicity regarding Philadelphia's 911 system remained strong, with NBC-TV's Saturday Night Live doing a comedy sketch with Roseanne Arnold in the role of an indifferent Philadelphia 911 operator refusing to take any callers seriously.[1]
As for Eddie Polec, he had been a well-liked high school senior with no apparent ties to the Fox Chase youth said to have initially sparked the hostilities. His popularity was such that when a memorial service for him was held at his church, his entire high school senior class was in attendance, the church itself was packed to near double capacity, and a thousand more people stood outside in the rain where a loudspeaker was set up so all could hear the service. At his viewing over four thousand people came, waiting in line for hours to pay last respects, and his funeral procession when traveling from the funeral home to the cemetery was reported to be a mile long.[1]
Murder trial
The Eddie Polec murder trial began on January 2, 1996,[5] at the Philadelphia Criminal Justice Center with Judge Jane Cutler Greenspan of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas presiding. Joseph Patrick Casey of the Philadelphia district attorney's office served as the prosecuting attorney, and Angelo Charles Peruto, Sr., in addition to his personally representing one of the defendants, served as the lead defence attorney. Other defendants under his representation also had their personal defence attorneys. Famous for never having lost a murder case, and notorious for representing major Philadelphia organized crime figures, the Eddie Polec murder trial would prove to be one of Peruto's greatest challenges.[1]
Another defendant, the grandson of a retired Philadelphia police officer, was not under Peruto's representation because he had struck a deal with the prosecution to be the star witness in exchange for leniency.[1]
Before the trial got underway, although the defendants would be tried as adults,[3] the Philadelphia's district attorney ruled out the death penalty because under Pennsylvania law there weren't enough aggravating circumstances to make it a capital offense. So the prosecution sought convictions for first-degree-murder life sentences instead. This concurred with the Polec family, who strongly opposed the death penalty on moral grounds.[1]
Throughout the trial, all members of the Polec family were in attendance along with many others from the Fox Chase community. All the defendants, meantime, were allowed to freely walk around outside the courtroom and immediately outside the Criminal Justice Center whenever the trial was not in session. Oftentimes the Polec family and others from Fox Chase saw them in passing. And although this became questionable when one of the defendants turned violent out in the courtroom hallway and had to be quickly restrained by a police detective, the practice was allowed to continue.[1]
After several weeks of exposure to powerful arguments made by the prosecution, with graphic medical photos being shown of the extent of the brutality to Eddie Polec, countless witness testimonies, and arguments made by the defence team – which primarily questioned the validity of the star witness – and six days of deliberation, on February 5, 1996, at 5:00 P.M. the jury announced the verdict. It found three of the defendants guilty of third-degree murder and conspiracy, another of voluntary manslaughter and conspiracy, and two of conspiracy.[1][6] As the Polec family exited the Criminal Justice Center following the announcement, the father of Eddie Polec told reporters that they accepted the verdict, although they didn't understand it.[1]
Sentencing took place on March 19, 1996. Just before it got underway the defendants were asked if they wanted to make any last statements. Only one agreed to, and in doing so was the only one to express any remorse. In response, he became the only one shown any mercy by the court. His maximum sentence of fifteen to thirty years for third-degree murder and conspiracy was reduced by six months. Of the other three defendants found guilty of the same charge, one received ten to twenty years for murder and a consecutive five to ten years for conspiracy, and the third was sentenced to fifteen to thirty years. The one found guilty of voluntary manslaughter and conspiracy received eight to twenty years, and the two found guilty of conspiracy were sentenced to five to ten years.[1]
Legacy
In the trial's aftermath, the father of Eddie Polec, through a determined letter-writing campaign and intense lobbying effort, tried to sway Pennsylvania's legislators to change how the law defined first-degree murder. And because some members of the defence team had made false and misleading statements during the trial, he hoped for a possible re-ruling. But all these efforts failed, and the Philadelphia District Attorney's office officially closed the case in September 1996. During this same period he turned down the chance to sue the city for $50 million, choosing instead to dedicate himself to ensuring that Philadelphia's Mayor Ed Rendell made good on his promise to upgrade the city's 911 system. And that effort paid off. In exchange for his agreeing not to sue, in September 1998 Philadelphia officially dedicated its all-new 911 Emergency Communication Center, along with far better training for operators. In addition, the father of Eddie Polec became a much-in-demand speaker at church groups and high schools, and he did extensive voluntary work for the non-profit Lost Dreams on Canvas organization that commissions artists to do portraits of children who were killed violently to be displayed at area schools, shopping malls, etc.[1]
The Eddie Polec murder case also spurred the formation of the Fox Chase Town Watch Association,[1] with one of the first callers to Philadelphia's 911 system the night of the crime eventually becoming its leader.[8]
And in 1999 the Los Angeles-based journalist team of Bryn Freedman (the official reporter who covered the Polec murder trial)[9] and William Knoedelseder published a book titled In Eddie's Name: One Family's Triumph over Tragedy, which intimately explored every aspect of what the Polec family went through, with in-depth insights about the murder, investigation, and trial.[1]
Related Research Articles
Gwen Amber Rose Araujo was an American teenager who was murdered in Newark, California, at the age of 17. She was murdered by four men, two of whom she had been sexually intimate with, who beat and strangled her after discovering that she was transgender. Two of the defendants were convicted of second-degree murder, but not the requested hate-crime enhancements to the charges. The other two defendants pleaded guilty or no-contest to voluntary manslaughter. In at least one of the trials, a "trans panic defense"—an extension of the gay panic defense—was employed.
The Central Park jogger case was a criminal case concerning the assault and rape of Trisha Meili, a woman who was running in Central Park in Manhattan, New York, on April 19, 1989. Crime in New York City was peaking in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the crack epidemic surged. On the night Meili was attacked, dozens of teenagers had entered the park, and there were reports of muggings and physical assaults.
George Engel was a labor union activist executed after the Haymarket riot, along with Albert Parsons, August Spies, and Adolph Fischer.
The murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, also known as the Freedom Summer murders, the Mississippi civil rights workers' murders, or the Mississippi Burning murders, were the abduction and murder of three activists in Philadelphia, Mississippi, in June 1964, during the Civil Rights Movement. The victims were James Chaney from Meridian, Mississippi, and Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner from New York City. All three were associated with the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) and its member organization, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). They had been working with the Freedom Summer campaign by attempting to register African Americans in Mississippi to vote. Since 1890 and through the turn of the century, Southern states had systematically disenfranchised most black voters by discrimination in voter registration and voting.
Allen Cedric "A.C." Cowlings is an American former professional football player and actor. He played college football for the USC Trojans before being selected fifth overall in the first round by the Buffalo Bills in the 1970 NFL draft. He was a starter at various defensive positions for the Buffalo Bills, Houston Oilers, Los Angeles Rams, Seattle Seahawks, and the San Francisco 49ers, until retiring after the 1979 season.
Cecil Ray Price was an American police officer and white supremacist. He was a participant in the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in 1964. At the time of the murders, Price was 26 years old and a deputy sheriff in Neshoba County, Mississippi. He was a member of the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan.
David Rice and Edward Poindexter were African-American activists charged and convicted of the murder of Omaha Police Officer Larry Minard. Minard died when a suitcase bomb containing dynamite exploded in a North Omaha home on August 17, 1970. Officer John Tess was also injured in the explosion. Poindexter and Rice had been members of the Black Panther Party.
Thomas Mervyn "Tom" ap Rhys Pryce was a 31-year-old British lawyer who was robbed and murdered by two teenagers as he made his way home in Kensal Green, northwest London, on 12 January 2006. The two, Donnel Carty and Delano Brown, were sentenced to life imprisonment.
Philadelphia consistently ranks above the national average in terms of crime, especially violent offenses. It has the highest violent crime rate of the Top 10 American cities with a population greater than 1 million residents as well as the highest poverty rate among these cities. It has been included in real estate analytics company NeighborhoodScout's "Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America" list every year since it has been compiled. Much of the crime is concentrated in the North, West, and Southwest sections of the city. The deadliest year in Philadelphia was 2021 with 562 murders.
The 1969 York race riot refers to a period of racial unrest in York, Pennsylvania in July 1969. This period of increased racial unrest followed a period of significant racial tension, rioting and racial justice protests that were taking place in multiple cities across Pennsylvania and the nation, during and after the Civil rights movement — actions that had endeavored to abolish multiple forms of legalized institutional racism in the United States through primarily nonviolent methods between 1954 and 1968.
Terry Anthony Blair was an American serial killer who was convicted of killing seven women of various ages in Kansas City, Missouri, although investigators believed that there were additional unidentified victims.
Christopher Alaneme was a British murder victim. He was eighteen years old when he was murdered on 21 April 2006 in Sheerness, Kent, England. The convicted killer is Peter Connolly, who was a painter and decorator of Carisbrooke Gardens, Peckham.
State of Florida v. George Zimmerman was a criminal prosecution of George Zimmerman on the charge of second-degree murder stemming from the killing of Trayvon Martin on February 26, 2012.
The murder of Renisha Marie McBride, a 19-year-old African American teenager, occurred on November 2, 2013, in Dearborn Heights, Michigan, United States. Renisha McBride crashed her car while intoxicated at a street in Detroit, and then walked to a neighborhood in Dearborn Heights where she knocked on the door of a house. The homeowner, 54-year-old Theodore Wafer, shot McBride with a shotgun. Wafer contended that the shooting was accidental and that he thought his home was being broken into after he heard her banging on his door at 4:42 in the morning.
The murder of Lesandro Guzman-Feliz occurred on June 20, 2018; the 15-year-old was killed by members of the Dominican-American gang Trinitarios in the Belmont neighborhood of the Bronx. The death occurred in a case of mistaken identity. Public outrage arose when graphic video of the murder began to circulate on the Internet. Fourteen suspects, all members of the Trinitario gang, were arrested in connection with Guzman-Feliz's death.
On 15 August 2019, 28-year-old English police constable Andrew Harper was killed near Sulhamstead, Berkshire, England in the line of duty. Harper and a fellow officer were responding to a report of a burglary, after which Harper was dragged behind a car for a mile (1.6 km), causing his death. In July 2020, three teenage males were found guilty of manslaughter and received sentences of 16 and 13 years imprisonment. They were acquitted on the charge of murder. Harper's killing led to the passing of "Harper's Law", which introduced a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment for anyone convicted of killing emergency workers.
The Chicago Police Board voted on October 17, 2019, to dismiss Chicago Police (CPD) Officer Robert Rialmo who fatally shot Quintonio LeGrier and neighbor Bettie Jones on December 26, 2015, while answering a 911 domestic violence call at the LeGrier residence in Chicago. The dismissal capped a "chaotic finish to a high-profile trial" where a judge first announced that the jury found Rialmo unjustified in his shooting of LeGrier, but erased the verdict promptly, after declaring that the jury found Rialmo feared for his life when he shot LeGrier.
On February 23, 2020, Ahmaud Arbery, a 25-year-old Black man, was murdered during a racially motivated hate crime while jogging in Satilla Shores, a neighborhood near Brunswick in Glynn County, Georgia. Three white men, who later claimed to police that they assumed he was a burglar, pursued Arbery in their trucks for several minutes, using the vehicles to block his path as he tried to run away. Two of the men, Travis McMichael and his father, Gregory McMichael, were armed in one vehicle. Their neighbor, William "Roddie" Bryan, was in another vehicle. After overtaking Arbery, Travis exited his truck, pointing his weapon at Arbery. Arbery approached Travis and a physical altercation ensued, resulting in Travis fatally shooting Arbery. Bryan recorded this confrontation and Arbery's murder on his cell phone.
Sasha Johnson is a British woman who has been an activist and member of Taking the Initiative Party (TTIP). A student of Ruskin College, she was involved in the Rhodes Must Fall protest, and with Black Lives Matter and Kill the Bill protests.
On March 18, 2018, in Riverview, Florida, 29-year-old Ronnie O'Neal III fatally shot his ex girlfriend, 33-year-old Kenyatta Barron, and hacked their 9-year-old daughter, Ron'Niveya O'Neal, to death with a hatchet. He stabbed their 8-year-old son Ronnie O'Neal IV, who survived and told detectives "My father shot my mother" before being medevaced to a Tampa hospital.
1 2 The Chicago Tribune, "4 Convicted In Teen's Beating Death," by Gary Borg, February 06, 1996
↑ ABC TV's The Oprah Winfrey Show, January 18, 1995
↑ Stephen Phillips, President, Fox Chase Town Watch Association, 2017
↑ Marty Moss-Coane interview with journalist Bryn Freedman and parents of Eddie Polec, National Public Radio (NPR) broadcast, 1996
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
