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In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the following five medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram, a recording of the heart's electrical activity through repeated cardiac cycles. It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the skin. These electrodes detect the small electrical changes that are a consequence of cardiac muscle depolarization followed by repolarization during each cardiac cycle (heartbeat). Changes in the normal ECG pattern occur in numerous cardiac abnormalities, including:
Atorvastatin is a statin medication used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and to treat abnormal lipid levels. For the prevention of cardiovascular disease, statins are a first-line treatment. It is taken by mouth.
Diabetic nephropathy, also known as diabetic kidney disease, is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. The triad of protein leaking into the urine, rising blood pressure with hypertension and then falling renal function is common to many forms of CKD. Protein loss in the urine due to damage of the glomeruli may become massive, and cause a low serum albumin with resulting generalized body swelling (edema) so called nephrotic syndrome. Likewise, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) may progressively fall from a normal of over 90 ml/min/1.73m2 to less than 15, at which point the patient is said to have end-stage renal disease. It usually is slowly progressive over years.
The term diabetes includes several different metabolic disorders that all, if left untreated, result in abnormally high concentrations of a sugar called glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus type 1 results when the pancreas no longer produces significant amounts of the hormone insulin, usually owing to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Diabetes mellitus type 2, in contrast, is now thought to result from autoimmune attacks on the pancreas and/or insulin resistance. The pancreas of a person with type 2 diabetes may be producing normal or even abnormally large amounts of insulin. Other forms of diabetes mellitus, such as the various forms of maturity-onset diabetes of the young, may represent some combination of insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance. Some degree of insulin resistance may also be present in a person with type 1 diabetes.
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 2 (KCNE2), also known as MinK-related peptide 1 (MiRP1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNE2 gene on chromosome 21. MiRP1 is a voltage-gated potassium channel accessory subunit associated with Long QT syndrome. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. Because of this and its ability to regulate multiple different ion channels, KCNE2 exerts considerable influence on a number of cell types and tissues. Human KCNE2 is a member of the five-strong family of human KCNE genes. KCNE proteins contain a single membrane-spanning region, extracellular N-terminal and intracellular C-terminal. KCNE proteins have been widely studied for their roles in the heart and in genetic predisposition to inherited cardiac arrhythmias. The KCNE2 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. More recently, roles for KCNE proteins in a variety of non-cardiac tissues have also been explored.
Prediabetes is a component of metabolic syndrome and is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that fall below the threshold to diagnose diabetes mellitus. It usually does not cause symptoms but people with prediabetes often have obesity, dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. It is also associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prediabetes is more accurately considered an early stage of diabetes as health complications associated with type 2 diabetes often occur before the diagnosis of diabetes.
Apolipoprotein A-V is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA5 gene on chromosome 11. It is significantly expressed in liver. The protein encoded by this gene is an apolipoprotein and an important determinant of plasma triglyceride levels, a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. It is a component of several lipoprotein fractions including VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons. It is believed that apoA-V affects lipoprotein metabolism by interacting with LDL-R gene family receptors. Considering its association with lipoprotein levels, APOA5 is implicated in metabolic syndrome. The APOA5 gene also contains one of 27 SNPs associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, also known as GLP-1 analogs, GLP-1DAs or incretin mimetics, are a class of drugs that reduce blood sugar and energy intake by activating the GLP-1 receptor. They mimic the actions of the endogenous incretin hormone GLP-1 that is released by the gut after eating.
Vessel harvesting is a surgical technique that may be used in conjunction with a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). For patients with coronary artery disease, a physician may recommend a bypass to reroute blood around blocked arteries to restore and improve blood flow and oxygen to the heart. To create the bypass graft, a surgeon will remove or "harvest" healthy blood vessels from another part of the body, often from the patient's leg or arm. This vessel becomes a graft, with one end attaching to a blood source above and the other end below the blocked area, creating a "conduit" channel or new blood flow connection across the heart.
Sacubitril/valsartan, sold under the brand name Entresto, is a fixed-dose combination medication for use in heart failure. It consists of the neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril and the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan. The combination is sometimes described as an "angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor" (ARNi). In 2016, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force recommended it as a replacement for an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker in people with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) is a medical ultrasound technology, specifically a form of echocardiography that measures the velocity of the heart muscle (myocardium) through the phases of one or more heartbeats by the Doppler effect of the reflected ultrasound. The technique is the same as for flow Doppler echocardiography measuring flow velocities. Tissue signals, however, have higher amplitude and lower velocities, and the signals are extracted by using different filter and gain settings. The terms tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and tissue velocity imaging (TVI) are usually synonymous with TDE because echocardiography is the main use of tissue Doppler.
Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects. Classic symptoms include thirst, polyuria, weight loss, and blurred vision. If left untreated, the disease can lead to various health complications, including disorders of the cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, and nerves. Untreated or poorly treated diabetes accounts for approximately 1.5 million deaths every year.
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a progressive type of coronary artery disease in people who have had a heart transplant. As the donor heart has lost its nerve supply there is typically no chest pain, and CAV is usually detected on routine testing. It may present with symptoms such as tiredness and breathlessness.
Salvatore Novo is an Italian author, professor and researcher in the field of cardiovascular disease, epidemiology and risk factors of atherosclerosis. He has authored about 550 papers. He is one of the highly cited authors in the field of cardiovascular diseases.
Arthur Mark Richards is a New Zealand physician, academic and medical researcher. He is a professor of cardiology and director of the Cardiovascular Research Institute at the National University of Singapore, and a professor of medicine and founder of the Christchurch Heart Institute at the University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand, where he holds the National Heart Foundation (NZ) Chair of Cardiovascular Studies.
Karen Lam Siu-ling is known for her research on diabetes and obesity. She is the Rosie T.T. Young Professor in Endocrinology and Metabolism at the University of Hong Kong.
Adropin is a peptide encoded by the energy homeostasis-associated gene ENHO, which is highly conserved across mammals.
Alfredo E. Rodríguez is an Argentine interventional cardiologist, clinical researcher, and author. He is the Chief of Interventional Cardiology Service at Otamendi Hospital and Director and Founder of the Cardiovascular Research Center (CECI) a non -profit Research Organization in Buenos Aires Argentina.
References
- ↑ Frias, Juan Pablo; Choi, JaeDuk; Rosenstock, Julio; Popescu, Luiza; Niemoeller, Elisabeth; Muehlen-Bartmer, Isabel; Baek, Seungjae (7 July 2022). "Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Efpeglenatide Monotherapy Versus Placebo in Type 2 Diabetes: The AMPLITUDE-M Randomized Controlled Trial". Diabetes Care. 45 (7): 1592–1600. doi:10.2337/dc21-2656. PMC 9274225 . PMID 35671039.
- ↑ Lam, Carolyn S.P.; Ramasundarahettige, Chinthanie; Branch, Kelley R.H.; Sattar, Naveed; Rosenstock, Julio; Pratley, Richard; Del Prato, Stefano; Lopes, Renato D.; Niemoeller, Elisabeth; Khurmi, Nardev S.; Baek, Seungjae; Gerstein, Hertzel C. (22 February 2022). "Efpeglenatide and Clinical Outcomes With and Without Concomitant Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition Use in Type 2 Diabetes: Exploratory Analysis of the AMPLITUDE-O Trial". Circulation. 145 (8): 565–574. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057934 . PMID 34775781. S2CID 244115633.
- ↑ Gerstein, Hertzel C.; Li, Zhuoru; Ramasundarahettige, Chinthanie; Baek, Seungjae; Branch, Kelley R.H.; Del Prato, Stefano; Lam, Carolyn S.P.; Lopes, Renato D.; Pratley, Richard; Rosenstock, Julio; Sattar, Naveed (28 March 2023). "Exploring the Relationship Between Efpeglenatide Dose and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: Insights From the AMPLITUDE-O Trial". Circulation. 147 (13): 1004–1013. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063716 . ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 36802715. S2CID 257066772.
- ↑ Pratley, Richard E.; Kang, Jahoon; Trautmann, Michael E.; Hompesch, Marcus; Han, OakPil; Stewart, John; Sorli, Christopher H.; Jacob, Stephan; Yoon, Kun‐Ho (November 2019). "Body weight management and safety with efpeglenatide in adults without diabetes: A phase II randomized study". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 21 (11): 2429–2439. doi:10.1111/dom.13824. ISSN 1462-8902. PMC 6851541 . PMID 31264757.
- ↑ Pratley, Richard E.; Jacob, Stephan; Baek, Seungjae; Trautmann, Michael E.; Hompesch, Marcus; Han, OakPil; Stewart, John; Sorli, Christopher H.; Shaunik, Alka; Yoon, Kun-Ho (1 January 2022). "Efficacy and safety of efpeglenatide in key patient subgroups from the BALANCE randomized trial, stratified by pre-diabetes status, BMI, and age at baseline". BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care. 10 (1): e002207. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002207. ISSN 2052-4897. PMC 8768911 . PMID 35042751.
- ↑ Gerstein, Hertzel C.; Li, Zhuoru; Ramasundarahettige, Chinthanie; Baek, Seungjae; Branch, Kelley R.H.; Del Prato, Stefano; Lam, Carolyn S.P.; Lopes, Renato D.; Pratley, Richard; Rosenstock, Julio; Sattar, Naveed (28 March 2023). "Exploring the Relationship Between Efpeglenatide Dose and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: Insights From the AMPLITUDE-O Trial". Circulation. 147 (13): 1004–1013. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063716 . PMID 36802715. S2CID 257066772.
- ↑ Gerstein, Hertzel C.; Sattar, Naveed; Rosenstock, Julio; Ramasundarahettige, Chinthanie; Pratley, Richard; Lopes, Renato D.; Lam, Carolyn S.P.; Khurmi, Nardev S.; Heenan, Laura; Del Prato, Stefano; Dyal, Leanne; Branch, Kelley (2 September 2021). "Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Efpeglenatide in Type 2 Diabetes". New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (10): 896–907. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2108269 . ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 34215025. S2CID 235723092.
- ↑ Pharmaceutical, Hanmi. "Hanmi Pharmaceutical finds new innovative potential for "Efpeglenatide"". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 5 November 2023.
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