Egorychev method

The Egorychev method is a collection of techniques introduced by Georgy Egorychev for finding identities among sums of binomial coefficients, Stirling numbers, Bernoulli numbers, Harmonic numbers, Catalan numbers and other combinatorial numbers. The method relies on two observations. First, many identities can be proved by extracting coefficients of generating functions. Second, many generating functions are convergent power series, and coefficient extraction can be done using the Cauchy residue theorem (usually this is done by integrating over a small circular contour enclosing the origin).

${\displaystyle \left[{\frac {z^{k}}{c}}\right]f(z)=c\ {\underset {z}{\mathrm {res} }}\;{\frac {f(z)}{z^{k+1}}}={\frac {c}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\rho }{\frac {f(z)}{z^{k+1}}}\;dz}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho }$ is a positive real less than the absolute value of the smallest nonzero singularity.

The sought-for identity can now be found using manipulations of integrals. Some of these manipulations are not clear from the generating function perspective. For instance, the integrand is usually a rational function, and the sum of the residues of a rational function is zero, yielding a new expression for the original sum. The residue at infinity is particularly important in these considerations. Some of the integrals employed by the Egorychev method are:

• First binomial coefficient integral

${\displaystyle {n \choose k}=[z^{k}](1+z)^{n}}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho <\infty }$

• Second binomial coefficient integral

${\displaystyle {n \choose k}=[x^{n-k}]{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{k+1}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho <1}$

• Exponentiation integral

${\displaystyle n^{k}=\left[{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}\right]\exp(nz)}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho <\infty }$

• Iverson bracket

${\displaystyle [[k\leq n]]=[z^{n-k}]{\frac {1}{1-z}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho <1}$

• Stirling number of the first kind

${\displaystyle \left[{n \atop k}\right]=[x^{k}]\prod _{i=0}^{n-1}(i+x)=\left[{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}\right]{\frac {\left(\log {\frac {1}{1-x}}\right)^{k}}{k!}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho <\infty }$ in the first case and ${\displaystyle \rho <1}$ in the second

• Stirling number of the second kind

${\displaystyle \left\{{n \atop k}\right\}=[x^{n-k}]\prod _{i=1}^{k}\left({\frac {1}{1-i*x}}\right)=\left[{\frac {x^{n}}{n!}}\right]{\frac {(e^{x}-1)^{k}}{k!}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \rho <1/k}$ in the first case and ${\displaystyle \rho <\infty }$ in the second.

Example I

Suppose we seek to evaluate

${\displaystyle S_{j}(n)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}{n \choose k}{n+k \choose k}{k \choose j}}$

which is claimed to be :${\displaystyle (-1)^{n}{n \choose j}{n+j \choose j}.}$

Introduce :${\displaystyle {n+k \choose k}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n+k}}{z^{k+1}}}\;dz}$

and :${\displaystyle {k \choose j}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {(1+w)^{k}}{w^{j+1}}}\;dw.}$

This yields for the sum :

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}{n \choose k}{\frac {(1+z)^{k}(1+w)^{k}}{z^{k}}}\;dw\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}\left(1-{\frac {(1+w)(1+z)}{z}}\right)^{n}\;dw\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}(-1-w-wz)^{n}\;dw\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}(1+w+wz)^{n}\;dw\;dz.\end{aligned}}}$

This is

${\displaystyle {\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {1}{w^{j+1}}}\sum _{q=0}^{n}{n \choose q}w^{q}(1+z)^{q}\;dw\;dz.}$

Extracting the residue at ${\displaystyle w=0}$ we get

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n}}{z^{n+1}}}{n \choose j}(1+z)^{j}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{n \choose j}{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {(1+z)^{n+j}}{z^{n+1}}}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&(-1)^{n}{n \choose j}{n+j \choose n}\end{aligned}}}$

thus proving the claim.

Example II

Suppose we seek to evaluate ${\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}k{2n \choose n+k}.}$

Introduce

${\displaystyle {2n \choose n+k}={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n-k+1}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n+k+1}}}\;dz.}$

Observe that this is zero when ${\displaystyle k>n}$ so we may extend ${\displaystyle k}$ to infinity to obtain for the sum

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n+1}}}\sum _{k\geq 1}k{\frac {z^{k}}{(1-z)^{k}}}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n+1}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n+1}}}{\frac {z/(1-z)}{(1-z/(1-z))^{2}}}\;dz\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-2z)^{2}}}\;dz.\end{aligned}}}$

Now put ${\displaystyle z(1-z)=w}$ so that (observe that with ${\displaystyle w=z+\cdots }$ the image of ${\displaystyle |z|=\varepsilon }$ with ${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$ small is another closed circle-like contour which makes one turn and which we may certainly deform to obtain another circle ${\displaystyle |w|=\gamma }$)

${\displaystyle z={\frac {1-{\sqrt {1-4w}}}{2}}\quad {\text{and}}\quad (1-2z)^{2}=1-4w}$

and furthermore

${\displaystyle dz=-{\frac {1}{2}}\times {\frac {1}{2}}\times (-4)\times (1-4w)^{-1/2}\;dw=(1-4w)^{-1/2}\;dw}$

to get for the integral

${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {1}{w^{n}}}{\frac {1}{1-4w}}(1-4w)^{-1/2}\;dw={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|w|=\gamma }{\frac {1}{w^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-4w)^{3/2}}}\;dw.}$

This evaluates by inspection to (use the Newton binomial)

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&4^{n-1}{n-1+1/2 \choose n-1}=4^{n-1}{n-1/2 \choose n-1}={\frac {4^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\prod _{q=0}^{n-2}(n-1/2-q)\\={}&{\frac {2^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\prod _{q=0}^{n-2}(2n-2q-1)={\frac {2^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}{\frac {(2n-1)!}{2^{n-1}(n-1)!}}\\[6pt]={}&{\frac {n^{2}}{2n}}{2n \choose n}={\frac {1}{2}}n{2n \choose n}.\end{aligned}}}$

Here the mapping from ${\displaystyle z=0}$ to ${\displaystyle w=0}$ determines the choice of square root. For the conditions on ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ we have that for the series to converge we require ${\displaystyle |z/(1-z)|<1}$ or ${\displaystyle \epsilon /(1-\epsilon )<1}$ or ${\displaystyle \epsilon <1/2.}$ The closest that the image contour of ${\displaystyle |z|=\epsilon }$ comes to the origin is ${\displaystyle \epsilon -\epsilon ^{2}}$ so we choose ${\displaystyle \gamma <\epsilon -\epsilon ^{2}}$ for example ${\displaystyle \gamma =\epsilon ^{2}-\epsilon ^{3}.}$ This also ensures that ${\displaystyle \gamma <1/4}$ so ${\displaystyle |w|=\gamma }$ does not intersect the branch cut ${\displaystyle [1/4,\infty )}$ (and is contained in the image of ${\displaystyle |z|=\epsilon }$). For example ${\displaystyle \epsilon =1/3}$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma =2/27}$ will work.

This example also yields to simpler methods but was included here to demonstrate the effect of substituting into the variable of integration.

Computation using formal power series

We may use the change of variables rule 1.8 (5) from the Egorychev text (page 16) on the integral

${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\int _{|z|=\varepsilon }{\frac {1}{z^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-2z)^{2}}}\;dz={\underset {z}{\mathrm {res} }}{\frac {1}{z^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-z)^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-2z)^{2}}}}$

with ${\displaystyle A(z)={\frac {z}{(1-2z)^{2}}}}$ and ${\displaystyle f(z)={\frac {1}{1-z}}.}$ We get ${\displaystyle h(z)=z(1-z)}$ and find

${\displaystyle {\underset {w}{\mathrm {res} }}{\frac {1}{w^{n+1}}}\left.\left[{\frac {A(z)}{f(z)h'(z)}}\right]\right|_{z=g(w).}}$

with ${\displaystyle g}$ the inverse of ${\displaystyle h}$.

This becomes

${\displaystyle {\underset {w}{\mathrm {res} }}{\frac {1}{w^{n+1}}}\left.\left[{\frac {z/(1-2z)^{2}}{(1-2z)/(1-z)}}\right]\right|_{z=g(w)}}$

or alternatively

${\displaystyle {\underset {w}{\mathrm {res} }}{\frac {1}{w^{n+1}}}\left.\left[{\frac {z(1-z)}{(1-2z)^{3}}}\right]\right|_{z=g(w)}={\underset {w}{\mathrm {res} }}{\frac {1}{w^{n}}}\left.\left[{\frac {1}{(1-2z)^{3}}}\right]\right|_{z=g(w).}}$

Observe that ${\displaystyle (1-2z)^{2}=1-4z+4z^{2}=1-4z(1-z)=1-4w}$ so this is

${\displaystyle {\underset {w}{\mathrm {res} }}{\frac {1}{w^{n}}}{\frac {1}{(1-4w)^{3/2}}}}$

and the rest of the computation continues as before.

External links

• Hosam Mahmoud, 2022, History and examples of Egorychev method
• Marko Riedel, 2024, Computational examples of using the Egorychev method to evaluate sums involving types of combinatorial numbers (parts 1 and 2, formal power series and residue operators
• Marko Riedel, 2024, Computational examples of using the Egorychev method to evaluate sums involving types of combinatorial numbers (part 3, complex variables

References

• Egorychev, G. P. (1984). Integral representation and the Computation of Combinatorial sums. American Mathematical Society. ISBN   9780821898093.
• Riedel, Marko; Mahmoud, Hosam. "Egorychev Method: A Hidden Treasure". La Matematica. doi: 10.1007/s44007-023-00065-y .