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A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farmed land or might work as a laborer on land owned by others, but in advanced economies, a farmer is usually a farm owner, while employees of the farm are known as farm workers, or farmhands. However, in the not so distant past, a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of by labor and attention, land or crops or raises animals.
A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: slave, serf, and free tenant. Peasants may hold title to land either in fee simple or by any of several forms of land tenure, among them socage, quit-rent, leasehold, and copyhold.
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation, exchange and sustainable use of the world's plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA), the fair and equitable benefit sharing arising from its use, as well as the recognition of farmers' rights. It was signed in 2001 in Madrid, and entered into force on 29 June 2004.
The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements is the worldwide umbrella organization for the organic agriculture movement, which represents close to 800 affiliates in 117 countries.
Food sovereignty is a food system in which the people who produce, distribute, and consume food also control the mechanisms and policies of food production and distribution. This stands in contrast to the present corporate food regime, in which corporations and market institutions dominate the global food system. Food sovereignty emphasises local, culturally appropriate, and sustainable food availability. The system focuses on indigenous peoples who are especially affected by issues of food production and distribution, partially due to changing climates and the shortage of traditional foods due to market pressures on supplies and the disruption of foodways. These issues negatively impact the ability of indigenous populations to access traditional food sources, and contribute to a higher rate of disease. These needs have been addressed in recent years by several international organizations, including the United Nations, with several countries adopting food sovereignty policies into law. Critics of food sovereignty proponents believe the system is founded on the wrong baseline assumptions; disregards the origins of the targeted problems; and is plagued by a lack of consensus for proposed solutions.
La Vía Campesina is an international farmers organization founded in 1993 in Mons, Belgium, formed by 182 organisations in 81 countries, and describing itself as "an international movement which coordinates peasant organizations of small and middle-scale producers, agricultural workers, rural women, and indigenous communities from Asia, Africa, America, and Europe".
The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center is a non-profit research-for-development organization that develops improved varieties of wheat and maize with the aim of contributing to food security, and innovates agricultural practices to help boost production, prevent crop disease and improve smallholder farmers' livelihoods. CIMMYT is one of the 15 CGIAR centers. CIMMYT is known for hosting the world's largest maize and wheat genebank at its headquarters in Mexico.
The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants or UPOV is a non-United Nations sui generis intergovernmental organization with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The current Secretary-General of UPOV is Daren Tang. The expression UPOV Convention also refers to one of the three international legal instruments that relate to the Union, namely the 1991 Act of the UPOV Convention, 1978 Act of the UPOV Convention and 1961 Act of the UPOV Convention with Amendments of 1972
A smallholding or smallholder is a small farm operating under a small-scale agriculture model. Definitions vary widely for what constitutes a smallholder or small-scale farm, including factors such as size, food production technique or technology, involvement of family in labor and economic impact. Smallholdings are usually farms supporting a single family with a mixture of cash crops and subsistence farming. As a country becomes more affluent, smallholdings may not be self-sufficient, but may be valued for the rural lifestyle. As the sustainable food and local food movements grow in affluent countries, some of these smallholdings are gaining increased economic viability. There are an estimated 500 million smallholder farms in developing countries of the world alone, supporting almost two billion people.
The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization. India ranks second worldwide in farm outputs. As per 2018, agriculture employed more than 50% of the Indian work force and contributed 17–18% to country's GDP.
A peasant movement is a social movement involved with the agricultural policy, which claims peasants rights.
Hege Nerland was a Norwegian politician for the Socialist Left Party.
Agroecology is an applied science that involves the adaptation of ecological concepts to the structure, performance, and management of sustainable agroecosystems. In Latin America, agroecological practices have a long history and vary between regions but share three main approaches or levels: plot scale, farm scale, and food system scale. Agroecology in Latin American countries can be used as a tool for providing both ecological, economic, and social benefits to the communities that practice it, as well as maintaining high biodiversity and providing refuges for flora and fauna in these countries. Due to its broad scope and versatility, it is often referred to as "a science, a movement, a practice."
A constitutional referendum was held in Zimbabwe on 16 and 17 March 2013, after being postponed from September 2011 and from 30 June 2011. Ultimately the new constitution was approved by 94.5% of voters.
Good Food march is a march conceived and promoted by several international organizations, among which the European Coordination Via Campesina, Friends of the Earth Europe, Slow Food, International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Group PAC 2013, Agricultural and Rural Convention 2020 and many more, that addresses issues related to agriculture and nutrition and with the participation of citizens of the European Union and international organizations of various kinds, including Oxfam, WWF, Greenpeace. The network also supports the annual We are fed up!-demonstrations in Berlin.
Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe, also known as UMP, is a district of Mashonaland East Province in Zimbabwe. It consists of the northern part of the pre-1969 larger Murehwa (Mrehwa) District and includes the village of Uzumba. The area is inhabited by the Budja Shona people. The staple food crop is maize, with secondary vegetable crops.
The Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP), officially United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas, is an UNGA resolution on Human rights with "universal understanding", adopted by the United Nations in 2018.
Guy Kastler is a French peasant farmer, philosopher, activist for the rights of farmers and peasants, and documentary director. He is a representative of the European chapter of la Via Campesina and at French Réseau semences paysannes.
A number of movements seek to expand the practice of agroecology in West Africa. Agroecology is a scientific discipline, movement and practice that integrates ecology in agriculture with strong emphasis on diversification, food sovereignty, energy efficiency and sustainability. Agroecological practices apply the systems and knowledge that traditional farmers in the region have developed and inherited. The agroecological social movement empowers smallholder farmers that hold the knowledge of indigenous farming systems, however are recently engulfed by larger farms or are migrating to urban areas, looking for better paying jobs.
Squatting in Zimbabwe is the settlement of land or buildings without the permission of the owner. Squatting began under colonialism. After Zimbabwe was created in 1980, peasant farmers and squatters disputed the distribution of land. Informal settlements have developed on the periphery of cities such as Chitungwiza and the capital Harare. In 2005, Operation Murambatsvina evicted an estimated 700,000 people.
References
- 1 2 Davies, Sara (31 December 2016). "Elizabeth Mpofu, Africa's Pulse Ambassador". Naturally Zimbabwean. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "20 Heroines Revolutionizing Food Activism". Food Tank. 5 March 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ L. Biron, Carey (18 December 2019). "Global recognition 'opens doors' for peasant groups, right to land". news.trust.org. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ Bafana, Busani (16 October 2016). "The Beating Pulse of Food Security in Africa". www.ipsnews.net. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- 1 2 "Women are the Ones Who Take Care of Mother Earth". Radio Mundo Real. 12 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "Elizabeth Mpofu". EAT. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "UN Human Rights Council passes a resolution adopting the peasant rights declaration in Geneva". www.cadtm.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ A. Wise, Timothy (24 January 2019). "UN Backs Seed Sovereignty in Landmark Peasants' Rights Declaration". Resilience. Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ Mpofu, Elizabeth (23 March 2016). "Women farm through knowledge sharing". Farming Matters. Retrieved 10 March 2020.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ Mpofu, Elizabeth; Nyoni, Ndabezinhle. "Role of pulses and smallholders in the transformation of Africa's agriculture". Nature & Faune. 31 (1). ISSN 2026-5611.