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The Nez Perce are an Indigenous people of the Plateau who still live on a fraction of the lands on the southeastern Columbia River Plateau in the Pacific Northwest. This region has been occupied for at least 11,500 years.
The Snake River is a major river in the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States. About 1,080 miles (1,740 km) long, it is the largest tributary of the Columbia River, which is the largest North American river that empties into the Pacific Ocean. Beginning in Yellowstone National Park, western Wyoming, it flows across the arid Snake River Plain of southern Idaho, the rugged Hells Canyon on the borders of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, and finally the rolling Palouse Hills of southeast Washington. It joins the Columbia River just downstream from the Tri-Cities, Washington, in the southern Columbia Basin.
The Appaloosa is an American horse breed best known for its colorful spotted coat pattern. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized base coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of interest to those who study equine coat color genetics, as it and several other physical characteristics are linked to the leopard complex mutation (LP). Appaloosas are prone to develop equine recurrent uveitis and congenital stationary night blindness; the latter has been linked to the leopard complex.
Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt, popularly known as Chief Joseph, Young Joseph, or Joseph the Younger, was a leader of the wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States, in the latter half of the 19th century. He succeeded his father tuekakas in the early 1870s.
David Sievert Lavender was an American historian and writer who was one of the most prolific chroniclers of the American West. He published more than 40 books, including two novels, several children's books, and a memoir. Unlike his two prominent contemporaries, Bernard DeVoto and Wallace Stegner, Lavender was not an academic. Much of his writing was influenced by his first-hand practical knowledge of the American West and the historical realities and locations depicted in his books—in the mines, on the trails, in the mountains, and on the rivers. Lavender was a two-time nominee for the Pulitzer Prize, and was widely admired by scholars for his accuracy and objectivity.
The American Indian Wars, also known as the American Frontier Wars, and the Indian Wars, was a conflict initially fought by European colonial empires, and later on by the Confederate states of America, Republic of Texas, Mexico and the United States of America against various American Indian tribes in North America. These conflicts occurred from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the end of the 19th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for Indian tribes' lands. The European powers and their colonies enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the American Revolution, many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.
The Nez Perce War was an armed conflict in 1877 in the Western United States that pitted several bands of the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans and their allies, a small band of the Palouse tribe led by Red Echo (Hahtalekin) and Bald Head, against the United States Army. Fought between June and October, the conflict stemmed from the refusal of several bands of the Nez Perce, dubbed "non-treaty Indians," to give up their ancestral lands in the Pacific Northwest and move to an Indian reservation in Idaho Territory. This forced removal was in violation of the 1855 Treaty of Walla Walla, which granted the tribe 7.5 million acres of their ancestral lands and the right to hunt and fish on lands ceded to the U.S. government.
Camas prairies are found in several different geographical areas in the western United States, and are named for the native perennial camas (Camassia}. The culturally and scientifically significant of these areas lie within Idaho and Montana. Camas bulbs were an important food source for Native Americans.
The Battle of the Big Hole was fought in Montana Territory, August 9–10, 1877, between the United States Army and the Nez Perce tribe of Native Americans during the Nez Perce War. Both sides suffered heavy casualties. The Nez Perce withdrew in good order from the battlefield and continued their long fighting retreat that would result in their attempt to reach Canada and asylum.
The Battle of Bear Paw was the final engagement of the Nez Perce War of 1877. Following a 1,200-mile (1,900 km) running fight from north central Idaho Territory over the previous four months, the U.S. Army managed to corner most of the Nez Perce led by Chief Joseph in early October 1877 in northern Montana Territory, just 42 miles (68 km) south of the border with Canada, where the Nez Perce intended to seek refuge from persecution by the U.S. government.
Joseph Goff Gale was an American pioneer, trapper, entrepreneur, and politician who contributed to the early settlement of the Oregon Country. There he assisted in the construction of the first sailing vessel built in what would become the state of Oregon, sailed the ship to California to trade for cattle, and later served as one of three co-executives ("governors") in the Provisional Government of Oregon. Originally a sailor, he also spent time in the fur trade, as a farmer, and a gold miner in the California Gold Rush.
Fort Nez Percés, later known as (Old) Fort Walla Walla, was a fortified fur trading post on the Columbia River on the territory of modern-day Wallula, Washington. Despite being named after the Nez Perce people, the fort was in the traditional lands of the Walla Walla. Founded in 1818 by the North-West Company, after 1821 it was run by the Hudson's Bay Company until its closure in 1857.
The Francis Parkman Prize, named after Francis Parkman, is awarded by the Society of American Historians for the best book in American history each year. Its purpose is to promote literary distinction in historical writing. The Society of American Historians is an affiliate of the American Historical Association.
The Caughey Western History Association Prize is given annually by the Western History Association to the best book published the previous year on the American West. The winner receives $2,500 and a certificate.
Dan Louie Flores is an American writer and historian who specializes in cultural and environmental studies of the American West. He held the A.B. Hammond Chair in Western History at the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana until he retired in May 2014.
Lucullus Virgil McWhorter was an American farmer and frontiersman who documented the historical Native American tribes in West Virginia and the modern-day Plateau Native Americans in Washington state. After living in West Virginia and Ohio, in 1903 he moved to the frontier of Yakima, Washington, in the eastern part of the state. He became a rancher and activist, learning much from his Yakama Nation neighbors and becoming an activist for them. In 1914 he was adopted as an honorary member of the Yakama, after helping over several years to defeat a federal bill that would have required them to give up much of their land in order to get any irrigation rights. They named him Hemene Ka-Wan,, meaning Old Wolf.
The following works deal with the cultural, political, economic, military, biographical and geologic history of pre-territorial Wyoming, Wyoming Territory and the State of Wyoming.
The Nez Perce native Americans fled through Yellowstone National Park between August 20 and Sept 7, during the Nez Perce War in 1877. As the U.S. army pursued the Nez Perce through the park, a number of hostile and sometimes deadly encounters between park visitors and the Indians occurred. Eventually, the army's pursuit forced the Nez Perce off the Yellowstone plateau and into forces arrayed to capture or destroy them when they emerged from the mountains of Yellowstone onto the valley of Clark's Fork of the Yellowstone River.
Hallalhotsoot, also Hal-hal-tlos-tsot or "Lawyer" was a leader of the Niimíipu and among its most famous, after Chief Joseph. He was the son of Twisted Hair, who welcomed and befriended the exhausted Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805. His mother was a Flathead woman. Lawyer learned the languages of his parents and knew some English.
Anne Farrar Hyde is an American historian, author, and professor, specializing in the U.S. West and comparative North American history. Hyde wrote award-winning books such as Empires, Nations, and Families: A History of the North American West, 1800–1860 and An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920. Her most recent book, Born of Lakes and Plains: Mixed Descent Families and the Making of the American West, 2021, is published by W. W. Norton.
References
- 1 2 "A Conversation with Historian Elliott West: Part I". US History Scene. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- 1 2 "Finalists selected for Baylor's $200,000 Cherry Award for Great Teaching". Media Communications | Baylor University. April 24, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ Nugent, Walter (2014). "The Essential West: Collected Essays by Elliott West". Great Plains Quarterly . 34 (2): 205–206. doi:10.1353/gpq.2014.0047. ISSN 2333-5092. S2CID 161368934 . Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ Ostler, Jeffrey (1999). "The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado (review)". Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 30 (3): 537–538. doi:10.1162/jinh.1999.30.3.537. ISSN 1530-9169 . Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ Hall, Thomas D. (November 1999). "The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado Elliott West". Pacific Historical Review . 68 (4): 669–671. doi:10.2307/4492385. JSTOR 4492385.
- ↑ "Elliott West". Center of the American West. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ "Ray Allen Billington Prize Winners". Organization of American Historians . Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ Etulain, Richard W. (1 December 2009). "The Last Indian War: The Nez Perce Story. By Elliott West. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. xxx, 397 pp. $27.95, ISBN 978-0-19-513675-3.)". The Journal of American History . 96 (3): 860–861. doi:10.1093/jahist/96.3.860. ISSN 0021-8723.
- ↑ Riley, Naomi Schaefer (November 13, 2009). "America's Top College Professor". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ "LYCEUM - Wichita State University". webs.wichita.edu. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ "Past Presidents". Western History Association . Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ↑ "About the Filmmakers". PBS .
- ↑ Schuessler, Jennifer (March 7, 2024). "Histories of the American West and Southeast Asian Wars Win Bancroft Prize". The New York Times . Retrieved May 8, 2024.
- ↑ Harris, Elizabeth A.; Khatib, Joumana (May 6, 2024). "Pulitzer Prizes 2024: A Guide to the Winning Books and Finalists". The New York Times . Retrieved May 8, 2024.
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