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Emergency Provisions are contained in Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India. The President of India has the power to impose emergency rule in any or all the Indian states if the security of part or all of India is threatened by "war or external aggression or armed rebellion". [1]
The Fifth Assembly was constituted on 15 March 1971 after the General Elections held in March 1971. It consisted of 234 elected members of which 42 seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes and 2 for Scheduled Tribes besides one nominated member. Before the expiry of the period of the Assembly, the President by a Proclamation issued on 31 January 1976, under article 356 of the Constitution, dissolved the Fifth Assembly and imposed President's Rule for the first time in Tamil Nadu.
| Dissolved Date | Legislative Assembly | Prime Minister | Central Ruling Party | President | State | Chief Minister | State Ruling Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 January 1976 | Fifth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed | Tamil Nadu | M. Karunanidhi | DMK |
The Eighth Assembly was constituted on 16 January 1985 after the General Elections held on 24 December 1984. Before the expiry of the period of Assembly, the President by a proclamation issued on 30 January 1988, under Article 356 of the Constitution dissolved the Eighth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and imposed President's Rule in Tamil Nadu.
| Dissolved Date | Legislative Assembly | Prime Minister | Central Ruling Party | President | State | Chief Minister | State Ruling Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 January 1988 | Eighth | Rajiv Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Ramaswamy Venkataraman | Tamil Nadu | Janaki Ramachandran | AIADMK |
The Ninth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly was constituted on 27 January 1989 after the General Elections held on 21 January 1989. Before the expiry of the term of the Assembly, the President by a Proclamation issued on 30 January 1991, under Article 356 of the Constitution of India dissolved the Ninth Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and imposed President's Rule in Tamil Nadu.
| Dissolved Date | Legislative Assembly | Prime Minister | Central Ruling Party | President | State | Chief Minister | State Ruling Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 January 1991 | Ninth | Chandra Shekhar Singh | Samajwadi Janata Party | Ramaswamy Venkataraman | Tamil Nadu | M. Karunanidhi | DMK |
Final Table
| Dissolved Date | Legislative Assembly | Prime Minister | Central Ruling Party | President | State | Chief Minister | State Ruling Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17 Feb 1968 | Sixth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Zakir Hussain | Uttar Pradesh | Charan Singh | Bharatiya Lok Dal |
| 2 Oct 1970 | Eighth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Varahagiri Venkata Giri | Uttar Pradesh | Charan Singh | Bharatiya Lok Dal |
| 12 Jun 1973 | Tenth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Varahagiri Venkata Giri | Uttar Pradesh | Kamalapathi Tripathi | Indian National Congress |
| 30 Nov 1975 | Eleventh | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed | Uttar Pradesh | Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna | Indian National Congress |
| 30 Apr 1977 | Twelfth | Morarji Desai | Janata Party | Basappa Danappa Jatti | Uttar Pradesh | Narayan Dutt Tiwari | Indian National Congress |
| 17 Feb 1980 | Fourteenth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy | Uttar Pradesh | Banarsi Das | Janata Party |
| 6 Dec 1992 | Twenty first | P. V. Narasimha Rao | Indian National Congress | Shankar Dayal Sharma | Uttar Pradesh | Kalyan Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 18 Oct 1995 | Twenty third | P. V. Narasimha Rao | Indian National Congress | Shankar Dayal Sharma | Uttar Pradesh | Mayawati | Bahujan Samaj Party |
| 8 Mar 2002 | Twenty ninth | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | Bharatiya Janata Party | Kocheril Raman Narayanan | Uttar Pradesh | Rajnath Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 10 January 1973 | Fourth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Varahagiri Venkata Giri | Andhra Pradesh | Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao | Indian National Congress |
| 20 February 1968 | Fifth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Zakir Hussain | West Bengal | Prafulla Chandra Ghosh | Nonparty in Progressive Democratic Alliance Front |
| 19 March 1970 | Sixth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Varahagiri Venkata Giri | West Bengal | Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee | Bangla Congress in United Front |
| 28 June 1971 | Seventh | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Varahagiri Venkata Giri | West Bengal | Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee | Indian National Congress in coalition |
| 31 January 1976 | Fifth | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed | Tamil Nadu | M. Karunanidhi | DMK |
| 30 January 1988 | Eighth | Rajiv Gandhi | Indian National Congress | Ramaswamy Venkataraman | Tamil Nadu | V. N. Janaki Ramachandran | AIADMK |
| 30 January 1991 | Ninth | Chandra Shekhar Singh | Samajwadi Janata Party | Ramaswamy Venkataraman | Tamil Nadu | M. Karunanidhi | DMK |
The president of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The president is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces. Droupadi Murmu is the 15th and current president, having taken office from 25 July 2022.
The president of Pakistan is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The president is the nominal head of the executive and the supreme commander of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The presidency is a ceremonial position in Pakistan. The president is bound to act on advice of the prime minister and cabinet. Asif Ali Zardari is the current president since 10 March 2024.
The dissolution of a legislative assembly is the simultaneous termination of service of all of its members, in anticipation that a successive legislative assembly will reconvene later with possibly different members. In a democracy, the new assembly is chosen by a general election. Dissolution is distinct on the one hand from abolition of the assembly, and on the other hand from its adjournment or prorogation, or the ending of a legislative session, any of which begins a period of inactivity after which it is anticipated that the same members will reassemble. For example, the "second session of the fifth parliament" could be followed by the "third session of the fifth parliament" after a prorogation, but would be followed by the "first session of the sixth parliament" after a dissolution.
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Tamil Nadu Legislative Council was the upper house of the former bicameral legislature of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It began its existence as Madras Legislative Council, the first provincial legislature for Madras Presidency. It was initially created as an advisory body in 1861, by the British colonial government. It was established by the Indian Councils Act 1861, enacted in the British parliament in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Its role and strength were later expanded by the second Council Act of 1892. Limited election was introduced in 1909. The Council became a unicameral legislative body in 1921 and eventually the upper chamber of a bicameral legislature in 1937. After India became independent in 1947, it continued to be the upper chamber of the legislature of Madras State, one of the successor states to the Madras Presidency. It was renamed as the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council when the state was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969. The Council was abolished by the M. G. Ramachandran administration on 1 November 1986. In 1989, 1996 and 2010, the DMK regime headed by M. Karunanidhi tried to revive the Council. The former AIADMK regime (2016-2021) expressed its intention not to revive the council and passed a resolution in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in this regard.
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S. R. Bommai v. Union of India is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed at length provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb blatant misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed over state governments. S. R. Bommai, former Chief Minister of Karnataka, is widely remembered as the champion for this landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, considered one of the most quoted verdicts in the country's political history.
The Constitution of India establishes the structure of the Indian government, including the relationship between the federal government and state governments. Part XI of the Indian constitution specifies the distribution of legislative, administrative and executive powers between the union government and the States of India. The legislative powers are categorised under a Union List, a State List and a Concurrent List, representing, respectively, the powers conferred upon the Union government, those conferred upon the State governments and powers shared among them.
The Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution Act, 1984, inserted a new proviso in clause (5) of article 356 of the Constitution in order to provide that in the case of the Proclamation issued by the President on 6 October 1983 with respect to the State of Punjab, Parliament may pass any resolution with respect to the continuance in force of the Proclamation for a period up to two years.
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