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The solar cycle, also known as the solar magnetic activity cycle, sunspot cycle, or Schwabe cycle, is a nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the Sun's surface. Over the period of a solar cycle, levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material, the number and size of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal loops all exhibit a synchronized fluctuation from a period of minimum activity to a period of a maximum activity back to a period of minimum activity.
Eugene Newman Parker was an American solar and plasma physicist. In the 1950s he proposed the existence of the solar wind and that the magnetic field in the outer Solar System would be in the shape of a Parker spiral, predictions that were later confirmed by spacecraft measurements. In 1987, Parker proposed the existence of nanoflares, a leading candidate to explain the coronal heating problem.
Cluster II is a space mission of the European Space Agency, with NASA participation, to study the Earth's magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles. The mission is composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996, the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz-Fregat rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. In February 2011, Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space. In February 2021, Cluster II celebrated 20 years of successful scientific operations in space. As of March 2023, its mission has been extended until September 2024. The China National Space Administration/ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007.
A Birkeland current is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere. In the Earth's magnetosphere, the currents are driven by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field and by bulk motions of plasma through the magnetosphere. The strength of the Birkeland currents changes with activity in the magnetosphere. Small scale variations in the upward current sheets accelerate magnetospheric electrons which, when they reach the upper atmosphere, create the Auroras Borealis and Australis.
The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters is a Finnish learned society. It was founded in 1908 and is thus the second oldest academy in Finland. The oldest is the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters, which was founded in 1838.
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Carl-Gunne Fälthammar was a Swedish electrical engineer and physicist who was Professor Emeritus of electrical engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, specialising in space and plasma physics. He succeeded Hannes Alfvén as Professor of Plasma Physics in 1975.
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Ilya G. Usoskin is a Finnish astrophysicist who is a professor at University of Oulu and head of Cosmic Ray Station at Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory. He is a Vice President of the International Astronomical Union since 2021.
The Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey is a publication of the National Research Council produced for NASA, as well as other US government agencies such as NOAA and the National Science Foundation. It is produced with the purpose of identifying a recommended scientific strategy in the field of heliophysics for the following decade. Agencies such as NASA utilize the decadal survey in order to prioritize funding for specific missions or scientific research projects.
References
- ↑ "Emilia Kilpua". University of Helsinki. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ "Emilia Kilpua". multiverse.ssl.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ "Tiedeykkönen: Aurinko on monimutkainen hiukkaskattila - Venus ja Jupiter loistavat tähtitaivaalla | Yle Areena – podcastit". areena.yle.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ Keränen, Matti (10 February 2018). "Vuonna 2012 Aurinko oli lähellä täräyttää kunnolla maapalloa - Avaruustutkija Emilia Kilpua hyötyi hurjasti: "Se osoittautui yhdeksi mittaushistorian voimakkaimmista magneettikentistä"". Tekniikka&Talous (in Finnish). Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ "Euroopan aurinkoluotain kuvaa Auringon navat". Tiede (in Finnish). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ Koskinen, Hannu E. J.; Kilpua, Emilia K. J. (2022). Physics of Earth's Radiation Belts. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82167-8. ISBN 978-3-030-82166-1. S2CID 240322137.
- ↑ "Astrophysics and Space Science". Springer. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ "Tiedeakatemia myönsi Väisälä-palkinnot professori Emilia Kilpualle ja apulaisprofessori Christian Webbille | Helsingin yliopisto". www.helsinki.fi (in Finnish). 13 December 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ "Uudet jäsenet". Tiedeakatemia (in Finnish). Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ "Board" . Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ Karttunen, Anu (26 February 2017). "Emilia, 39, aikoo ratkaista aurinkomyrskyjen arvoituksen". Talouselämä (in Finnish). Retrieved 17 August 2022.
- ↑ Emilia Kilpua: Probings the secrets of solar magnetic flux ropes | University of Helsinki , retrieved 17 August 2022
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