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The ovary is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova. When an ovum is released,this travels through the fallopian tube into the uterus. There is an ovary found on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries also secrete hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility. The ovary progresses through many stages beginning in the prenatal period through menopause. It is also an endocrine gland because of the various hormones that it secretes.
A Krukenberg tumor refers to a malignancy in the ovary that metastasized from a primary site,classically the gastrointestinal tract,although it can arise in other tissues such as the breast. Gastric adenocarcinoma,especially at the pylorus,is the most common source. Krukenberg tumors are often found in both ovaries,consistent with its metastatic nature.
Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium. It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination,pain during sexual intercourse,or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause.
Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor of an ovary. It may originate from the ovary itself or more commonly from communicating nearby structures such as fallopian tubes or the inner lining of the abdomen. The ovary is made up of three different cell types including epithelial cells,germ cells,and stromal cells. When these cells become abnormal,they have the ability to divide and form tumors. These cells can also invade or spread to other parts of the body. When this process begins,there may be no or only vague symptoms. Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses. These symptoms may include bloating,vaginal bleeding,pelvic pain,abdominal swelling,constipation,and loss of appetite,among others. Common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen,lymph nodes,lungs,and liver.
Mucin-16(MUC-16) also known as Ovarian cancer-related tumor marker CA125 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUC16 gene. MUC-16 is a member of the mucin family glycoproteins. MUC-16 has found application as a tumor marker or biomarker that may be elevated in the blood of some patients with specific types of cancers,most notably ovarian cancer,or other conditions that are benign.
Ovarian clear-cell carcinoma,or clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary,also called ovarian clear-cell adenocarcinoma,is one of several subtypes of ovarian carcinoma –a subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer,in contrast to non-epithelial cancers. According to research,most ovarian cancers start at the epithelial layer which is the lining of the ovary. Within this epithelial group ovarian clear-cell carcinoma makes up 5–10%.
A serous tumour is a neoplasm that typically has papillary to solid formations of tumor cells with crowded nuclei,and which typically arises on the modified Müllerian-derived serous membranes that surround the ovaries in females. Such ovarian tumors are part of the surface epithelial-stromal tumour group of ovarian tumors. They are common neoplasms with a strong tendency to occur bilaterally,and they account for approximately a quarter of all ovarian tumors.
Surface epithelial-stromal tumors are a class of ovarian neoplasms that may be benign or malignant. Neoplasms in this group are thought to be derived from the ovarian surface epithelium or from ectopic endometrial or fallopian tube (tubal) tissue. Tumors of this type are also called ovarian adenocarcinoma. This group of tumors accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases of ovarian cancer;however is mainly only found in postmenopausal women with the exception of the United States where 7% of cases occur in women under the age of 40. Serum CA-125 is often elevated but is only 50% accurate so it is not a useful tumor marker to assess the progress of treatment. 75% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer are found within the advanced-stages;however younger patients are more likely to have better prognoses than older patients.
In medicine,Meigs's syndrome,also Meigs syndrome or Demons–Meigs syndrome,is the triad of ascites,pleural effusion,and benign ovarian tumor. Meigs syndrome resolves after the resection of the tumor. Because the transdiaphragmatic lymphatic channels are larger in diameter on the right,the pleural effusion is classically on the right side. The causes of the ascites and pleural effusion are poorly understood. Atypical Meigs syndrome,characterized by a benign pelvic mass with right-sided pleural effusion but without ascites,can also occur. As in typical Meigs syndrome,pleural effusion resolves after removal of the pelvic mass.
Primary peritoneal cancer or carcinoma is also known as serous surface papillary carcinoma,primary peritoneal carcinoma,extra-ovarian serous carcinoma,primary serous papillary carcinoma,and psammomacarcinoma. It was historically classified under "carcinoma of unknown primary" (CUP). Primary peritoneal cancer is a cancer of the cells lining the peritoneum,or abdominal cavity. It usually affects women and is diagnosed after the age of 60;it very rarely affects men.
Vaginal cancer is an extraordinarily rare form of cancer that develops in the tissue of the vagina. Primary vaginal cancer originates from the vaginal tissue –most frequently squamous cell carcinoma,but primary vaginal adenocarcinoma,sarcoma,and melanoma have also been reported –while secondary vaginal cancer involves the metastasis of a cancer that originated in a different part of the body. Secondary vaginal cancer is more common. Signs of vaginal cancer may include abnormal vaginal bleeding,dysuria,tenesmus,or pelvic pain,though as many as 20% of women diagnosed with vaginal cancer are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Vaginal cancer occurs more frequently in women over age 50,and the mean age of diagnosis of vaginal cancer is 60 years. It often can be cured if found and treated in early stages. Surgery alone or surgery combined with pelvic radiation is typically used to treat vaginal cancer.
Primary fallopian tube cancer (PFTC),also known as tubal cancer,is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the fallopian tube. Along with primary ovarian and peritoneal carcinomas,it is grouped under epithelial ovarian cancers,cancers of the ovary that originate from a fallopian tube precursor.
Olaparib,sold under the brand name Lynparza,is a medication for the maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adults. It is a PARP inhibitor,inhibiting poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP),an enzyme involved in DNA repair. It acts against cancers in people with hereditary BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations,which include some ovarian,breast,and prostate cancers.
High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is a type of tumour that arises from the serous epithelial layer in the abdominopelvic cavity and is mainly found in the ovary. HGSCs make up the majority of ovarian cancer cases and have the lowest survival rates. HGSC is distinct from low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC) which arises from ovarian tissue,is less aggressive and is present in stage I ovarian cancer where tumours are localised to the ovary.
Ivo Meinhold-Heerlein is a German gynaecologist and obstetrician,honorary professor,university professor and deputy director of the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at the University Hospital RWTH Aachen University. He is known for his work in the fields of molecular characterization of ovarian cancer.
SK-OV-3 is an ovarian cancer cell line derived from the ascites of a 64-year-old Caucasian female with an ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma. The SK-OV-3 cell line is also hypodiploid,with a modal number of chromosomes of 43,occurring in 63.3% of cells. SK-OV-3 are positive for many of the antigens used to identify cancers of epithelial origin in clinical practice,including vimentin (VIM),high molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWK),low molecular weight cytokeratin (LMWK),epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and leucocyte common antigen (LCA).
Ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) are heterogeneous tumors that are derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad,which accounts for about 2.6% of all ovarian malignancies. There are four main types of OGCTs,namely dysgerminomas,yolk sac tumor,teratoma,and choriocarcinoma.
Bradley J. Monk is an American gynecologic oncologist,academician and researcher. He is a Professor on the Clinical Scholar Track in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Phoenix,Arizona,as well as at the Creighton University School of Medicine in Omaha,Nebraska. He also serves as Director of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at the St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix.
George Coukos is a physician-scientist in tumor immunology,professor and director of the Ludwig Cancer Research Lausanne Branch and director of the Department of oncology UNIL-CHUV of the University of Lausanne and the Lausanne University Hospital in Lausanne,Switzerland. He is known for his work on the mechanisms by which tumors suppress anti-cancer immune responses,and the role of the tumor vasculature in that suppression. In addition to his work in ovarian cancer,the combinatorial immune therapies proposed by Professor Coukos have been successfully tested and approved for lung,liver and kidney cancers.
The SEE-FIM protocol is a pathology dissection protocol for Sectioning and Extensively Examining the Fimbria (SEE-FIM). This protocol is intended to provide for the optimal microscopic examination of the distal fallopian tube (fimbria) to identify either cancerous or precancerous conditions in this organ.
References
- ↑ "Ernst Robert Lengyel". cancerbio.uchicago.edu. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- 1 2 "Ernst Lengyel, MD, PhD". ocrahope.org. 4 September 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ "Ovarian Cancer Research Laboratory". obgyn.uchicago.edu. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- 1 2 "Ernst Lengyel named chair of obstetrics and gynecology". uchicagomedicine.org. September 19, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ "Burroughs Wellcome Fund grants $9.75 million towards translational researchers". eurekalert.org. Eurekalert. March 7, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ Glotzer, Jola (October 7, 2019). "Fighting metastatic ovarian cancer". chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ "New screening tool could speed development of ovarian cancer drugs". uchicagomedicine.org. February 9, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ Hubbard, Bethany (January 10, 2017). "New study aims to determine origin of ovarian cancer". uchicagomedicine.org. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ "Gynecologic Oncology Editorial Board". journals.elsevier.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ "Changes in the metabolism of normal cells promotes the metastasis of ovarian cancer cells". eurekalert.org. Eurekalert. May 1, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ Richards, Sara (June 20, 2019). "Researcher receives Chan Zuckerberg Initiative grant to define every cell type in the female reproductive tract". uchicagomedicine.org. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
- ↑ Wood, Matt (October 20, 2019). "Two University of Chicago Medicine physicians elected to National Academy of Medicine for 2019". uchicagomedicine.org. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
