Eusebio Lillo | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Eusebio Lillo Robles Santiago, Chile |
| Died | Santiago, Chile |
| Occupation | Poet, writer, politician, businessman |
| Language | Spanish |
| Nationality |  Chilean |
| Education | Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera |
| Period | Nineteenth century |
| Genre | Romanticism |
| Notable works | Chilean national anthem |
Eusebio Lillo Robles (born Santiago, Chile August 14, 1826; died July 8, 1910) was a poet, journalist and politician. He is the author of the lyrics of the Chilean National Anthem.
The son of Agustín Lillo and Dolores Robles, Eusebio lost his father at an early age. He studied in the General José Miguel Carrera National Institute and was one of the many pupils of Andrés Bello. He was a great reader from a very young age, and it is known that he organized raffles with his old books to fund his studies. [1]
Eusebio was a member of the Young Liberals of Chile, an organization that eventually became the "Sociedad de la Igualdad" (Equality Society), who fought for a society where every man was equal. He is part of the generation of 1842, a group that represented Romanticism (literary movement) in Chile.
From 1842 onwards, he collaborated with the "Sociedad Literaria de Santiago" (Santiago Literature Society), and from 1844 he wrote for the newspaper "El siglo". That same year, he won an award from the "Sociedad Literaria" for his "Canto al dieciocho de septiembre" (Song of September 18).
In 1846, he left his studies to serve as an assistant officer in the Ministry of Interior. At the same time, he worked as a correspondent for the newspapers El Mercurio de Valparaíso and El Comercio, both from Valparaiso.
In 1847 the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, Manuel Camilo Vial, commissioned him to write the lyrics of the national anthem.
He was a supporter and promoter of the revolution of 1851, the first attempt to put a liberal government into power. As a result, he was sent to jail and condemned to death during the government of Manuel Montt, but, as he was the writer of the lyrics of the National Anthem, the sentence was changed to exile, and he was sent to the southern city of Valdivia, from which he fled to Lima.
He came back to Chile in 1852, and worked as a journalist for the newspaper "La Patria" until 1857. He moved to Bolivia, where he created the Bank of La Paz, and contributed to the country's mining industry.
In 1878, he went back to Chile and was elected mayor of Santiago, and then superintendent of Curicó. He took part in the War of the Pacific as a diplomat and secretary of a naval squadron. [2] He represented Chile during the failed Arica Conference in 1880 between Bolivia, Chile and Peru. He would have also represented Chile in secret negotiations between Chile and Bolivia in order to secure for Bolivia Tacna and Tarapaca and Arica for Chile. [3]
He became a senator for the region of Talca in 1882 and then Minister of the Interior for the government of José Manuel Balmaceda in 1886. He became one of Balmaceda's closest allies, as evidenced by the fact that Balmaceda requested the custody of his political will. [4]
In 1888 he traveled through Europe, and returned to Santiago in 1889, where, as requested, he published Balmaceda's political will, as was requested for Balmaceda.
Finally, Eusebio Lillo died in Santiago on 8 July 1910.
Lillo's best known work is the lyrics of Chile's national anthem. He was also part of the Chilean literary movement known as the "Generacion de 1842", a literary movement that represented Romanticism in Chile.
The National Anthem of Chile, also referred to as the "National Song" or by its incipit as "Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado", was adopted in 1828. It has a history of two lyrics and two melodies that made up three different versions. The current version was composed by Ramón Carnicer, with words by Eusebio Lillo, and has six parts plus the chorus.
The War of the Pacific, also known by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert, the war ended with victory for Chile, which gained a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia.
The Chilean Civil War of 1891 was a civil war in Chile fought between forces supporting Congress and forces supporting the President, José Manuel Balmaceda from 16 January 1891 to 18 September 1891. The war saw a confrontation between the Chilean Army and the Chilean Navy, siding with the president and the congress, respectively. This conflict ended with the defeat of the Chilean Army and the presidential forces, and with President Balmaceda committing suicide as a consequence of the defeat. In Chilean historiography the war marks the end of the Liberal Republic and the beginning of the Parliamentary Era.
The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in Ancón, near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between them.
Manuel Jesús Baquedano González was a Chilean soldier and politician, who served as Commander-in-chief of the Army during the War of the Pacific, and briefly as President of Chile during the civil war of 1891.
Tarapacá was a Department of Peru, which existed between 1878 and 1884, when it was unconditionally ceded to Chile after the War of the Pacific under the Treaty of Ancón.
Recaredo Santos Tornero Olmos was a Chilean editor, journalist and director of El Mercurio de Valparaíso and founder of El Comercio.
The Chilenization of Tacna, Arica, and Tarapacá was a process of forced transculturation or acculturation in the areas which were invaded and incorporated by Chile since the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The aim of the Chilenization was to create a dominance of Chilean traditions and culture in that region, in preference to those of the Peruvian population. The British desire to reunite all saltpeter mines under one political administration was also a major factor that influenced the outcome of the war.
Carlos Walker Martínez was a Chilean lawyer, politician and poet.
The Chilean Inca trail is a local and popular term among local tourism initiatives and Chilean anthropologists and archaeologists for the various branches of the Qhapak Ñan in Chile and its associated Inca archaeological sites.
The Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879 was an ethnic cleansing ordered by of the governments of Bolivia and Peru. The expulsion took place at the beginning of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) between Chile and Peruvian-Bolivian alliance. Chilean citizens in both nations were ordered to leave within eight days or face internment and confiscation of their property. They were expelled on poorly-built rafts and pontoons at Peruvian ports, or forced to wander through the desert to reach the northernmost positions occupied by the Chilean Army in Antofagasta. The edict was widely popular in Peru and met with little resistance, allowing it to occur quickly.
Marta Victoria Salgado Henríquez is a Chilean activist who focuses on promoting cultural preservation and civil rights protections for the African diaspora. She has founded several non-governmental organizations to promote women's and minority rights and served as a government advisor in these areas. Trained as a teacher and public administrator, she has written books and articles on the legacy of Africans in Chile.
The Peruvian–Bolivian War was a warlike confrontation between Peru and Bolivia in the years 1841 and 1842.
José Francisco Vergara Echevers (1833-1889) was a Chilean politician, war hero, cavalry commander, presidential candidate, engineer and journalist who was notable for founding Viña del Mar as well as his several military campaigns of the War of the Pacific.
Gregorio Albarracín Lanchipa was a Peruvian Colonel and War Hero who participated in the Peruvian-Bolivian War of 1841-1842, the Peruvian Civil War of 1843–1844, the Peruvian Civil War of 1856–1858 and the War of the Pacific. He is known as El Centauro de las Vilcas as he was notable for using a vilca, a typical tree from Tacna, as a pole to raise the Peruvian flag during the Chilean administration of the area.
The Battle of Buenavista was a battle of the Tacna and Arica campaign of the War of the Pacific on April 18, 1880, between a Chilean cavalry detachment led by Commander José Francisco Vergara, and the forces of Colonel Gregorio Albarracín in the Sama River, Tacna Province, Peru.
The Capture of the steamer Rímac or the Hunt and seizure of the Chilean transport Rímac was a part of the Raids of Huáscar during the Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific. During an expedition over the conflicting seas, the Peruvian Navy ships, Huáscar and Unión, apprehend the Chilean war steamer Rímac, which was an artillery transport, taking all its cargo and capturing its crew, including a squad of the Carabineros de Yungay. In Chile, the news of the capture of the Rímac detonated a political and social crisis that led to the resignation of several government officials, including Rear Admiral Juan Williams Rebolledo, Commander General of the Chilean Navy.
Martiniano Urriola Guzmán was a Chilean colonel of the War of the Pacific. He participated across many campaigns of the war as well as being one of the primary commanders of the Chilean North Operations Army.
The Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute is a territorial dispute between Chile and Peru that started in the aftermath of the War of the Pacific and ended significantly in 1929 with the signing of the Treaty of Lima and in 2014 with a ruling by the International Court of Justice. The dispute applies since 2014 to a 37,610 km2 territory in the Chile–Peru border, as a result of the maritime dispute between both states.
José Joaquín Godoy Cruz was a Chilean lawyer, diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Interior during the government of José Manuel Balmaceda and senator. He served as auditor of the Chilean Navy, chargé d'affaires in Peru and signed the truce with Spain in Washington, D.C. in 1871. He played a key role in the formation and direction of the Information and Intelligence Service of the Chancellery before and during the War of the Pacific.
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