FERONIA

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Feronia, also known as FER or protein Sirene, is a recognition receptor kinase found in plants. FER plays a significant part in the plant immune system as a receptor kinase which assists in immune signaling within plants, plant growth, and plant reproduction. FER is regulated by the Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF). FER regulates growth in normal environments but it is most beneficial in stressful environments as it helps to initiate immune signaling. [1] FER can also play a role in reproduction in plants by participating in the communication between the female and male cells. [2] FER is found in and can be studied in the organism Arabidopsis thaliana. [3]

Contents

Taxonomic lineage

Feronia (FER) has a taxonomic lineage as follows: Eukaryota > Viridiplantae > Streptophyta > Embryophyta > Tracheophyta > Spermatophyta > Magnoliophyta > Eudicotyledons > Gunneridae > Pentapetalae > Rosids > Malvids > Brassicales > Brassicaceae > Camelineae > Arabidopsis. [3]

Background

Arabidopsis thaliana is a weed commonly found alongside roads and is frequently used in experiments which examine plant genetics or biology. It can be studied due to its small number of megabase pairs (Mbp) which makes it easily synthesized. [4] It is used often to observe and understand plant immunity and it can be used to observe the functions of pattern recognition receptors (PRR). The Site-1 Protease (S1P) found in Arabidopsis plays a role in inhibiting plant immunity when it cleaves the Rapid alkalization factor (RALF). RALF can be subject to malfunction or failure due to S1P which then causes a decrease in root growth for the plant. RALF proteins are found in plants and could be the proteins which make up the signaling portions found within the immune system of plants. [5] Feronia (FER)' mediates the inhibition caused by the S1P in Arabidopsis. FER is one of the known 17 proteins which play a part in Arabidopsis Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like kinases (CrRLK1Ls). [6]

Discovery

Initially being discovered from a pollen tube reception mutant, feronia (FER) was found to be necessary in cell growth and hormone response. [7] During a study of the reproduction of angiosperms, there were continued failures in the interaction of the synergid and the pollen tubes that caused infertility. The feronia (FER) mutant female gametophyte was tested in this process and found that it inhibited the rupture of the sperm cells and invaded the embryo sac. This furthered expression of synergid- specific genes and helped with extension of the pollen tubes. [8] Feronia(FER) was named after the Etruscan fertility goddess as it increases growth. [9]

RALF was isolated as a small peptide when it alkalized cell wall growth rapidly and inhibited cell growth in tobacco leaves. [10] In Arabidopsis roots, the RALF- FER signal transduction pathways continues to control and moderate cell growth and hormone responses in the plasma membrane and root cell growth. [11] Feronia is the receptor to RALF and was found to regulate the effect of RALF in the cell elongation in the Arabidopsis roots. [9]

Biological function

Often, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found in the plant immune system are receptor kinases, i.e. Arabidopsis thaliana. Feronia (FER) is a Arabidopsis malectin-like receptor kinase for binding to the Rapid Alkalinization Factor (RALF) which has been discovered to be linked to the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. [12] [13] FER contributes to the positive regulation of immunity by acting as a scaffold. FER could occupy parts of the microdomains found in the plasma membrane and perform with both the receptors and coreceptors to create signaling platforms. In this way, FER can inhibit cell elongation and growth as well as regulate fertilization. [12] FER also plays a role in regulating the elongation length of plant roots in Arabidopsis as well as regulating pathways involved with hormone responses such as auxin-promoted root hair growth. [9] FER could also be connected to the regulatory pathway associated with ABA-mediated abiotic stress responses because it can activate a negative regulator of ABA signaling known as the ABI2. [14] The FER kinase can activate the GTPase ROP11/ARAC10 in plants through communication and interaction with the guanine exchange factors GEF1, GEF4, and GEF10. [14]

See also

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Arabidopsis thaliana

Site-1 Protease (S1P)

Related Research Articles

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<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Model plant species in the family Brassicaceae

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Cytokinin

Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots. They are involved primarily in cell growth and differentiation, but also affect apical dominance, axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. Folke Skoog discovered their effects using coconut milk in the 1940s at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Hydrotropism

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Systemin

Systemin is a plant peptide hormone involved in the wound response in the family Solanaceae. It was the first plant hormone that was proven to be a peptide having been isolated from tomato leaves in 1991 by a group led by Clarence A. Ryan. Since then, other peptides with similar functions have been identified in tomato and outside of the Solanaceae. Hydroxyproline-rich glycopeptides were found in tobacco in 2001 and AtPEPs were found in Arabidopsis thaliana in 2006. Their precursors are found both in the cytoplasm and cell walls of plant cells, upon insect damage, the precursors are processed to produce one or more mature peptides. The receptor for systemin was first thought to be the same as the brassinolide receptor but this is now uncertain. The signal transduction processes that occur after the peptides bind are similar to the cytokine-mediated inflammatory immune response in animals. Early experiments showed that systemin travelled around the plant after insects had damaged the plant, activating systemic acquired resistance, now it is thought that it increases the production of jasmonic acid causing the same result. The main function of systemins is to coordinate defensive responses against insect herbivores but they also affect plant development. Systemin induces the production of protease inhibitors which protect against insect herbivores, other peptides activate defensins and modify root growth. They have also been shown to affect plants' responses to salt stress and UV radiation. AtPEPs have been shown to affect resistance against oomycetes and may allow A. thaliana to distinguish between different pathogens. In Nicotiana attenuata, some of the peptides have stopped being involved in defensive roles and instead affect flower morphology.

Peptide signaling plays a significant role in various aspects of plant growth and development and specific receptors for various peptides have been identified as being membrane-localized receptor kinases, the largest family of receptor-like molecules in plants. Signaling peptides include members of the following protein families.

BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1 is an important plant protein that has diverse functions in plant development.

CLE peptides are a group of peptides found in plants that are involved with cell signaling. Production is controlled by the CLE genes. Upon binding to a CLE peptide receptor in another cell, a chain reaction of events occurs, which can lead to various physiological and developmental processes. This signaling pathway is conserved in diverse land plants.

Integrin-like receptors

Integrin-like receptors (ILRs) are found in plants and carry unique functional properties similar to true integrin proteins. True homologs of integrins exist in mammals, invertebrates, and some fungi but not in plant cells. Mammalian integrins are heterodimer transmembrane proteins that play a large role bidirectional signal transduction. As transmembrane proteins, integrins connect the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the plasma membrane of the animal cell. The extracellular matrix of plant cells, fungi, and some protist is referred to as the cell wall. The plant cell wall is composed of a tough cellulose polysaccharide rather than the collagen fibers of the animal ECM. Even with these differences, research indicates that similar proteins involved in the interaction between the ECM and animals cells are also involved in the interaction of the cell wall and plant cells.

Leucine-rich repeat receptor like protein kinase

Leucine-rich repeat receptor like protein kinase are plant cell membrane localized Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase that play critical roles in plant innate immunity. Plants have evolved intricate immunity mechanism to combat against pathogen infection by recognizing Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP) and endogenous Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP). PEPR 1 considered as the first known DAMP receptor of Arabidopsis.

Theseus1 (THE1) is a transmembrane receptor-like kinase (RLK) that is found in plant cells. It was originally discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana as part of a family of 17 related proteins, commonly referred to as the Theseus1/Feronia family or the CrRLK family. So far, THE1 and 5 other members in the same family of RLKs have been found to play key roles in cell elongation during vegetative growth through interacting mostly with the cell wall. Though the exact mechanism for this process is still unknown, it is thought to be very similar to, and even partially regulated by, the brassinosteroid pathway. In addition, Theseus1 has the ability to detect changes in cell wall integrity and could possibly even recognize pathogenic sequences. While the workings of THE1 and other members of the CrRLK family are understood on a general level, research of the specific interactions between them has yet to be published.

EF-Tu receptor

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A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway.

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References

  1. ↑ Du, Changqing; Li, Xiushan; Chen, Jia; Chen, Weijun; Li, Bin; Li, Chiyu; Wang, Long; Li, Jianglin; Zhao, Xiaoying (2016-12-20). "Receptor kinase complex transmits RALF peptide signal to inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (51): E8326–E8334. doi:10.1073/pnas.1609626113. ISSN   1091-6490. PMC   5187724 . PMID   27930296.
  2. ↑ "Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins as chaperones and co-receptors for FERONIA receptor kinase signaling in Arabidopsis | eLife Lens". lens.elifesciences.org. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  3. 1 2 "FER - Receptor-like protein kinase FERONIA precursor - Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress) - FER gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  4. ↑ "TAIR - Genome Assembly". www.arabidopsis.org. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
  5. ↑ Sharma, Arti; Hussain, Adil; Mun, Bong-Gyu; Imran, Qari Muhammad; Falak, Noreen; Lee, Sang-Uk; Kim, Jae Young; Hong, Jeum Kyu; Loake, Gary John (September 2016). "Comprehensive analysis of plant rapid alkalization factor (RALF) genes". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 106: 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.037. ISSN   1873-2690. PMID   27155375.
  6. ↑ Lindner, Heike; Müller, Lena Maria; Boisson-Dernier, Aurélien; Grossniklaus, Ueli (2012-12-01). "CrRLK1L receptor-like kinases: not just another brick in the wall". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 15 (6): 659–669. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2012.07.003. PMID   22884521.
  7. ↑ Rotman, Nicolas; Rozier, Frédérique; Boavida, Leonor; Dumas, Christian; Berger, Frédéric; Faure, Jean-Emmanuel (2003-03-04). "Female Control of Male Gamete Delivery during Fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana". Current Biology. 13 (5): 432–436. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00093-9 . PMID   12620194.
  8. ↑ Huck, Norbert; Moore, James M.; Federer, Michael; Grossniklaus, Ueli (2003-05-15). "The Arabidopsis mutant feronia disrupts the female gametophytic control of pollen tube reception". Development. 130 (10): 2149–2159. doi: 10.1242/dev.00458 . ISSN   0950-1991. PMID   12668629.
  9. 1 2 3 Haruta, Miyoshi; Sabat, Grzegorz; Stecker, Kelly; Minkoff, Benjamin B.; Sussman, Michael R. (2014-01-24). "A Peptide Hormone and Its Receptor Protein Kinase Regulate Plant Cell Expansion". Science. 343 (6169): 408–411. doi:10.1126/science.1244454. ISSN   0036-8075. PMC   4672726 . PMID   24458638.
  10. ↑ Pearce, Gregory; Moura, Daniel S.; Stratmann, Johannes; Ryan, Clarence A. (2001-10-23). "RALF, a 5-kDa ubiquitous polypeptide in plants, arrests root growth and development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (22): 12843–12847. doi:10.1073/pnas.201416998. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   60141 . PMID   11675511.
  11. ↑ Duan, Qiaohong; Kita, Daniel; Li, Chao; Cheung, Alice Y.; Wu, Hen-Ming (2010-10-12). "FERONIA receptor-like kinase regulates RHO GTPase signaling of root hair development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (41): 17821–17826. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005366107. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   2955125 . PMID   20876100.
  12. 1 2 Stegmann, Martin; Monaghan, Jacqueline; Smakowska-Luzan, Elwira; Rovenich, Hanna; Lehner, Anita; Holton, Nicholas; Belkhadir, Youssef; Zipfel, Cyril (2017-01-20). "The receptor kinase FER is a RALF-regulated scaffold controlling plant immune signaling" (PDF). Science. 355 (6322): 287–289. doi:10.1126/science.aal2541. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   28104890.
  13. ↑ Liao, Hongdong; Tang, Renjie; Zhang, Xin; Luan, Sheng; Yu, Feng (2017-07-01). "FERONIA Receptor Kinase at the Crossroads of Hormone Signaling and Stress Responses". Plant and Cell Physiology. 58 (7): 1143–1150. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcx048 . ISSN   0032-0781. PMID   28444222.
  14. 1 2 Yu, Feng; Qian, Lichao; Nibau, Candida; Duan, Qiaohong; Kita, Daniel; Levasseur, Kathryn; Li, Xiaoqian; Lu, Changqing; Li, Hui (2012-09-04). "FERONIA receptor kinase pathway suppresses abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis by activating ABI2 phosphatase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (36): 14693–14698. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212547109. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   3437822 . PMID   22908257.
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