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Border control refers to measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state.
A visa is a conditional authorization granted by a polity to a foreigner that allows them to enter, remain within, or leave its territory. Visas typically include limits on the duration of the foreigner's stay, areas within the country they may enter, the dates they may enter, the number of permitted visits, or if the individual has the ability to work in the country in question. Visas are associated with the request for permission to enter a territory and thus are, in most countries, distinct from actual formal permission for an alien to enter and remain in the country. In each instance, a visa is subject to entry permission by an immigration official at the time of actual entry and can be revoked at any time. Visa evidence most commonly takes the form of a sticker endorsed in the applicant's passport or other travel document but may also exist electronically. Some countries no longer issue physical visa evidence, instead recording details only in immigration databases.
The visa policy of the Schengen Area is a component within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union. It applies to the Schengen Area and to other EU member states except Ireland. The visa policy allows nationals of certain countries to enter the Schengen Area via air, land or sea without a visa for stays of up to 90 days within a 180-day period. Nationals of certain other countries are required to have a visa either upon arrival or in transit.
A passport stamp is an inked impression in a passport typically made by rubber stamp upon entering or exiting a territory.
Travel requirements for Polish citizens are public health and administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Poland.
The Schengen Area is an area comprising 27 European countries that have officially abolished all passport and all other types of border control at their mutual borders. Being an element within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union (EU), it mostly functions as a single jurisdiction under a common visa policy for international travel purposes. The area is named after the 1985 Schengen Agreement and the 1990 Schengen Convention, both signed in Schengen, Luxembourg.
Global Entry is a program of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection service that allows pre-approved, low-risk travelers to receive expedited clearance upon arrival into the United States through automatic kiosks at select airports and via the SENTRI and NEXUS lanes by land and sea. As of May 4, 2018, Global Entry was available at 53 U.S. airports and 15 preclearance locations. By April 2018 more than 5 million people were enrolled in Global Entry and approximately 50,000 new applications for the program were being filed monthly.
The visa policy of Canada requires that any foreign national wishing to enter Canada must obtain a temporary resident visa from one of the Canadian diplomatic missions unless they hold a passport issued by one of the 54 eligible visa exempt countries and territories or proof of permanent residence in the United States.
The APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) is a travel document issued to business travellers who are citizens of APEC participating economies. Valid for five years, the card eliminates the need for its holder to possess a visa when visiting other APEC participating economies as long as pre-clearance has been obtained during the application process.
Visa requirements for Hungarian citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Hungary by the authorities of other states.
Visa requirements for Afghan citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Afghanistan. In its second quarter 2022 report, the Henley Passport Index indicated that Afghan citizens have visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 26 countries and territories, ranking the Afghan passport 112th and the least powerful passport in the world. Obtaining foreign visas from within Afghanistan is difficult as many embassies in Afghanistan have closed since Taliban takeover of the government in August 2021.
Visa requirements for Croatian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Croatia. As of May 2023, Croatian citizens had visa-free, eTA or visa on arrival access to 180 countries and territories, ranking the Croatian passport 13th in the world, according to the methodology of the Henley Passport Index.
Travel requirements for French citizens are public health and administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of France. As of May 2023, French citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 190 countries and territories, ranking the French passport 5th in terms of travel freedom, according to the Henley Passport Index. French Passport is ranked 2nd by the Global Passport Power Rank.
Visa requirements for Bahamian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of The Bahamas. As of February 27th 2023; Bahamian citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 155 countries and territories, ranking the Bahamian passport 27th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.
Visa requirements for Bulgarian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Bulgaria. As of May 2023, Bulgarian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 177 countries and territories, ranking the Bulgarian passport 14th overall in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley & Partners Passport Index.
Visa requirements for Vanuatu citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Vanuatu. As of 25 June 2022, Ni-Vanuatu had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 103 countries and territories. Vanuatu signed a mutual visa waiver agreement with Schengen Area countries on 28 May 2015.
A mutual visa waiver agreement was signed with Russia on 20 September 2016 and entered into force on 21 October 2016. Obtaining a visa is now required for all 27 EU countries. The EU Council has partially suspended the EU visa waiver agreement with Vanuatu. This means that all Vanuatu citizens with a passport issued after 25 May 2015 are no longer eligible for visa-free travel to Europe. The European Council voted on 8 November, 2022 to fully suspend the visa waiver agreement with Vanuatu, citing risks posed by its investor citizenship program. As a consequence all Vanuatu passport holders require a Schengen visa for the bloc which is represented by the French Embassy in Port-Vila.
Visa requirements for European Union citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other countries placed on citizens of the European Union. They differ among countries. The European Union has achieved full reciprocity with certain countries.
Automated border control systems (ABC) or eGates are automated self-service barriers which use data stored in a chip in biometric passports along with a photo or fingerprint taken at the time of entering the eGates to verify the passport holder's identity. Travellers undergo biometric verification using facial or iris recognition, fingerprints, or a combination of modalities. After the identification process is complete and the passport holder's identity is verified, a physical barrier such as a gate or turnstile opens to permit passage. If the passport holder's identification is not verified or if the system malfunctions, then the gate or turnstile does not open and an immigration officer will meet the person. E-gates came about in the mid-2000s as an automated method of reading the then-newly ICAO mandated e-passports.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries and regions imposed quarantines, entry bans, or other travel restrictions for citizens of or recent travelers to the most affected areas. Some countries and regions imposed global restrictions that apply to all foreign countries and territories, or prevent their own citizens from travelling overseas.
Travel requirements for German citizens are public health and administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Germany. As of May 2023, German citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 192 countries and territories. Ranking the German passport 3rd in terms of travel freedom, and tied with the greatest access of all European Union member states along with Italy and Spain, according to the Henley Passport Index. German Passport is ranked 2nd by the Global Passport Power Rank.
References
- 1 2 "FLUX Alliance Homepage". Flux-Alliance.eu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
- 1 2 "FLUX Alliance set for growth following successful pilot scheme". Airport Business. Airports Council International (Europe). October 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
- ↑ "Frequently asked questions". Flux-Alliance.eu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
- ↑ "FLUX permanent and multilateral program: After 1 year pilot, US and Netherlands have granted FLUX the status of permanent program". Flux-Alliance.eu. 2010-08-12. Archived from the original on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2011-01-23.