FOCJ

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Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJ, also Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions) is a moderate form of panarchy advocated by Swiss economists Bruno Frey and Reiner Eichenberger.

Under FOCJ, government operations are divided into multiple organisations each known as a FOCUS. FOCJ are:

[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

References

  1. Frey, Bruno; Eichenberger, Reiner (1999), The New Democratic Federalism for Europe – Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham
  2. Friedrich, Peter (2010), Legal European company forms to realize FOCJ: Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (PDF), Louvain-la-Neuve: European Regional Science Association (ERSA)
  3. Friedrich, Peter; Chebotareva, Mariia (2017), Options for Applying Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJs) for Municipal Cooperation in Russia, IGI Global
  4. Chebotareva, Mariia; Friedrich, Peter (2017), Microeconomic Models of Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJs)
  5. Popescu, Alina M; Friedrich, Peter, FOCJ as Institution for Population Policy
  6. Friedrich, Peter; Bartholomae, Florian W (2008), Regional Cooperation by the Use of FOCJ
  7. Chebotareva, Mariia (2018), APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL OVERLAPPING COMPETING JURISDICTIONS CONCEPT TO INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION IN THE RUSSIAN SCHOOL SECTOR
  8. de Spindler, Jürg (2001), FOCJ-ein staatspolitisches Konzept für eine wirksamere Erfüllung öffentlicher Aufgaben
  9. Chebotareva, Mariia; Friedrich, Peter, Tax Shifting Decisions of Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions' Management
  10. Friedrich, Peter; Reiljan, Janno (2011), New policies in the fiscal reform of Estonian general education
  11. Smith, Daniel J (2011), Functional, overlapping, competing jurisdictions among fractionalized agents: Medieval Spain
  12. Kyriacou, Andreas P (2006), Functional, Overlapping, Competing, Jurisdictions and Ethnic Conflict Management, Wiley Online Library
  13. Vanberg, Viktor J (2000), Functional Federalism: Communal or Individual Right?
  14. Reiljan, Janno; Friedrich, Peter (2010), Strategies in the Fiscal Reform of Estonian General Education
  15. Stadelmann, David (2008), Sind FOCJ effizienter als herkömmliche Gemeindestrukturen?: Eine empirische Analyse (PDF), GRIN Verlag
  16. Ermini, Barbara; Salvati, Luca (2021), Decentralization, administrative reforms and local government performance: The impact of inter-communality in a pre-crisis time