Fat transfer

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Fat transfer, also known as fat graft, lipomodelling, or fat injections, [1] [2] is a surgical process in which a person's own fat is transferred from one area of the body to another area. The major aim of this procedure is to improve or augment the area that has irregularities and grooves. [3] Carried out under either general anesthesia or local anesthesia, [4] the technique involves 3 main stages: fat harvesting (extracting adipose fat), fat processing (processing the extracted fat) and fat injection (reinjecting the purified fat into the area needing improvement). [5] [6]

Contents

Applications

Autologous fat transplantation is a widely used treatment modality because of its biocompatible properties and availability of fat for transplantation. [7] The technique has become increasingly popular in recent years for soft tissue augmentation and volume replacement in both reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery.

Breast reconstruction

Breast reconstruction is the surgical process of rebuilding the natural shape and look of a breast, using autologous tissue, prosthetic implants, or a combination of both. [8] The procedure is most commonly performed in women - as part of their treatment - who have had mastectomy or surgery to treat breast cancer. A doctor harvests fat from one or more areas of the patient's body where excess fat is available and grafts it to the breast for breast reconstruction surgery after a mastectomy or lumpectomy. As the procedure uses the patient's own fat, the structural fat grafting for breast reconstruction surgery is a more natural process than implants and creates a smooth, more symmetrical, look. [9]

Breast augmentation and correcting asymmetry

Fat transfer breast augmentation is a natural solution to restore shape and volume to the breasts, which may have been lost due to factors such as aging, pregnancy/breast feeding, or weight loss. [10] Breast asymmetry can be corrected using the fat transfer procedure, and to give the breasts the same shape and size. Breast augmentation and correction of asymmetry using fat transfer is considered to be an overall safe procedure.[ medical citation needed ] Any major weight gain or loss could have an impact of the procedure results because the fat transferred will behave like the fat in any other body part. The procedure is associated with certain risks such as fat necrosis or death of fat cells, a risk related to any type of fat grafting surgeries. Another risk is fat reabsorption, wherein the body may reabsorb the fat used (up to 50%) in the fat transfer augmentation procedure. [11]

Gluteal augmentation

Fat transfer in gluteal augmentation, also known as buttock augmentation with autologous fat grafting or gluteal lift (currently marketed as the "Brazilian butt lift"), represents one of the most rapidly evolving and increasingly popular operations in aesthetic surgery. [12] This is a "dual-benefit" body contouring procedure, because fat is harvested from areas with surplus body fat to enhance contouring using liposuction. [13] [14] This fat is purified and prepared for transplantation into the gluteal region to increase buttock volume. The technique that can be performed under general and local anesthesia can also create an improvement in buttock shape, along with enhancing. [15]

Facial rejuvenation

The regenerative potential of lipofilling and the role of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) contribute to good results in facial fat transfer. In traditional techniques for facial rejuvenation, surgery was used involving the excision of muscle, skin, and/or fat. In contrast, modern techniques focus on using fat grafting [16] to add volume to the "empty" facial compartments. Now, with more comprehensive understanding of facial aging constituents such as fat atrophy and ptosis of the facial compartments, fat grafting is considered a plausible facial rejuvenation technique, especially of the eyelids. [17]

Hand rejuvenation

Structural fat grafting can be an ideal option to treat the signs of aging or other appearance-related issues – such as prominent-looking veins and tendons, loss of fullness, thinning skin, arthritis and wasting of the hand. [18] The procedure involves manually harvesting fat from one or more locations on the body via liposuction and placing it around the back of the patient's hand, and sculpting it into a smooth, uniform layer for an ideal appearance. [19] To "fine tune" the results, additional fat transfer or injection of dermal filler products can be performed. [20] Autologous fat transfer serves as a filler in the hand rejuvenation procedure. Besides, it also rejuvenates the soft tissue and skin on the posterior side of the hands. [16]

Rhinoplasty

Autologous micro fat transplantation is often used to correct a low dorsum and a short nose. [21] [22]

Scars and burns

Scars and burns caused due to various reasons such as injuries, chicken pox, acne, sun or radiation exposure, and more can be repaired with structural fat grafting. [23] The procedure harvests fat from one or more areas of the body and places it anywhere on the body where tissue has been damaged. [24] Structural fat grafting can improve the quality of aged and scarred skin, reduce pain and itchiness, heal radiation damage, treat chronic ulcers and reduce the appearance of scars on the face and body - including dimpling and deep depressions, resulting in thicker, softer, healthier skin. [25]

Complications

To ensure survivability, the fat graft should not be manipulated too much and it must be quickly reinjected. Possible complications are swelling, bruising, hematoma formation, paresthesia or donor-site pain, hypertrophic scarring, infection, contour irregularities, and injury caused by the cannula to the underlying structures. [16] [3] [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plastic surgery</span> Medical surgical specialty

Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery includes craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. While reconstructive surgery aims to reconstruct a part of the body or improve its functioning, cosmetic surgery aims to improve the appearance of it. A comprehensive definition of plastic surgery has never been established, because it has no distinct anatomical object and thus overlaps with practically all other surgical specialties. An essential feature of plastic surgery is that it involves the treatment of conditions that require or may require tissue relocation skills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mammaplasty</span> Surgically modifying the appearance of the breast

Mammaplasty refers to a group of surgical procedures, the goal of which is to reshape or otherwise modify the appearance of the breast. There are two main types of mammoplasty:

  1. Augmentation mammaplasty is commonly performed to increase the size, change the shape, and/or alter the texture of the breasts. This usually involves the surgical implantation of breast implant devices.
  2. Reduction mammaplasty is commonly performed to reduce the size, change the shape, and/or alter the texture of the breasts. This involves the removal of breast tissue.
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breast augmentation</span> Surgical procedure

Breast augmentation and augmentation mammoplasty is a cosmetic surgery technique using breast-implants and fat-graft mammoplasty techniques to increase the size, change the shape, and alter the texture of the breasts. Although in some cases augementation mammoplasty is applied to correct congenital defects of the breasts and the chest wall in other cases it is used purely as a cosmetic surgery, primary breast augmentation changes the aesthetics – of size, shape, and texture – of healthy breasts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breast reduction</span> Plastic surgery procedure

Reduction mammoplasty is the plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size of large breasts. In a breast reduction surgery for re-establishing a functional bust that is proportionate to the patient's body, the critical corrective consideration is the tissue viability of the nipple–areola complex (NAC), to ensure the functional sensitivity and lactational capability of the breasts. The indications for breast reduction surgery are three-fold – physical, aesthetic, and psychological – the restoration of the bust, of the patient's self-image, and of the patient's mental health.

Grafting refers to a surgical procedure to move tissue from one site to another on the body, or from another creature, without bringing its own blood supply with it. Instead, a new blood supply grows in after it is placed. A similar technique where tissue is transferred with the blood supply intact is called a flap. In some instances, a graft can be an artificially manufactured device. Examples of this are a tube to carry blood flow across a defect or from an artery to a vein for use in hemodialysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhytidectomy</span> Type of cosmetic surgery

A facelift, technically known as a rhytidectomy, is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure intended to give a more youthful facial appearance. There are multiple surgical techniques and exercise routines. Surgery usually involves the removal of excess facial skin, with or without the tightening of underlying tissues, and the redraping of the skin on the patient's face and neck. Exercise routines tone underlying facial muscles without surgery. Surgical facelifts are effectively combined with eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) and other facial procedures and are typically performed under general anesthesia or deep twilight sleep.

Lip augmentation is a cosmetic procedure that modifies the shape of the lips using fillers, such as collagen or implants. The procedure may be performed to increase lip size, correct asymmetry, create protrusion, or adjust the ratio of the top and bottom lips. The procedure typically involves surgical injection, though temporary non-surgical alternatives exist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buttock augmentation</span> Cosmetic and corrective surgery

Gluteoplasty denotes the plastic surgery and the liposuction procedures for the correction of congenital, traumatic, and acquired defects/deformities of the buttocks and the anatomy of the gluteal region; and for the aesthetic enhancement of the contour of the buttocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lifestyle Lift</span> Facial cosmetic surgery practice

Lifestyle Lift was a national facial cosmetic surgery practice with headquarters in Troy, Michigan, United States. The company's name in all caps is a trademarked brand name used to market a particular type of facial surgery called the lifestyle lift. In 2012, Debby Boone became the spokesperson for the company in its television commercials and its half-hour infomercial. The company discontinued using Boone in late 2013 shifting to a new advertising campaign. The company abruptly closed all its offices in early March 2015 and announced its intention to declare bankruptcy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liposuction</span> Surgery to remove unwanted fat

Liposuction, or simply lipo, is a type of fat-removal procedure used in plastic surgery. Evidence does not support an effect on weight beyond a couple of months and does not appear to affect obesity-related problems. In the United States, liposuction is the most common cosmetic surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buccal fat extraction</span> Cosmetic plastic surgery procedure on the cheeks

Buccal fat pad extraction or buccal fat removal is a plastic surgery procedure that removes a piece of buccal fat-pad tissue from each side of the face. This reduces the appearance of cheek puffiness, creating a sharper jawline. The amount of fat removed varies based on the desired facial shape. It is a strictly cosmetic surgery.

Aesthetic medicine is a branch of modern medicine that focuses on altering natural or acquired unwanted appearance through the treatment of conditions including scars, skin laxity, wrinkles, moles, liver spots, excess fat, cellulite, unwanted hair, skin discoloration, spider veins and or any unwanted externally visible appearance. Traditionally, it includes dermatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, reconstructive surgery and plastic surgery, surgical procedures, non-surgical procedures, and a combination of both. Aesthetic medicine procedures are usually elective. There is a long history of aesthetic medicine procedures, dating back to many notable cases in the 19th century, though techniques have developed much since then.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lip lift</span> Plastic surgery procedure

A lip lift is the most common plastic surgery procedure that modifies the cosmetic appearance of the lips, by reshaping them to increase the prominence of the vermilion border and to enhance the facial area above the lips into a more aesthetically pleasing shape. In corrective praxis, a lip lift procedure is distinguished from lip enhancement, the augmentation of the lips, which can be affected with a non-surgical procedure.

MIRA is a multidisciplinary and complementary method for treating many chronic diseases. The MIRA Procedure is a result of combining efforts from different medical fields developed in the University of Chicago in 1992. It basically consists in medically grafting live rejuvenated tissue in the form of autologous adipose adult stem cells to a damaged organ in order to restore it and improve its function. This method is currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Free-flap breast reconstruction is a type of autologous-tissue breast reconstruction applied after mastectomy for breast cancer, without the emplacement of a breast implant prosthesis. As a type of plastic surgery, the free-flap procedure for breast reconstruction employs tissues, harvested from another part of the woman's body, to create a vascularised flap, which is equipped with its own blood vessels. Breast-reconstruction mammoplasty can sometimes be realised with the application of a pedicled flap of tissue that has been harvested from the latissimus dorsi muscle, which is the broadest muscle of the back, to which the pedicle (“foot”) of the tissue flap remains attached until it successfully grafts to the recipient site, the mastectomy wound. Moreover, if the volume of breast-tissue excised was of relatively small mass, breast augmentation procedures, such as autologous-fat grafting, also can be applied to reconstruct the breast lost to mastectomy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Stanek</span>

Jan Stanek is a British cosmetic surgeon, lecturer and broadcaster. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, a member of the British Medical Association, the Royal Society of Medicine and The American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery. He has a private practice in central London.

Facial Autologous Muscular Injection is also known as Fat Autograft Muscular Injection, as Autologous Fat Injection, as Micro-lipoinjection, as Fat Transfer and as Facial Autologous Mesenchymal Integration, abbreviated as FAMI. The technique is a non-incisional pan-facial rejuvenation procedure using the patient's own stem cells from fat deposits. FAMI is an Adult stem cell procedure used to address the loss of volume in the face due to aging or surgery repair in restoring facial muscles, bone surfaces and very deep fat pads. The procedure involves removing adult stem cells of fatty tissue from lower body, and refining it to be able to re-inject living adipose stem cells into specific areas of the face without incision. FAMI is an outpatient procedure and an alternative to artificial fillers, blepharoplasty or various face lifts. The procedure does not require general anesthesia and risks of an allergic reaction are minimal due to the use of the patient's own tissue used as the facial injection.

Alfredo Hoyos is a Colombian plastic surgeon who created High-definition liposuction and other advanced body contouring techniques in plastic surgery. He specializes in Plastic Surgery, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Maxillofacial surgery, and Hand Surgery. He is also a medical illustrator, painter and sculptor. Hoyos is featured as a speaker of different companies of the most innovative technologies in the field, not only in Colombia, his native country, but worldwide. He is also featured in the Aesthetics & Beauty Magazine.

Fat removal procedures are used mostly in cosmetic surgery with the intention of removing unwanted adipose tissue. The procedure may be invasive, as with liposuction, or noninvasive using laser therapy, radiofrequency, ultrasound or cold to reduce fat, sometimes in combination with injections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stem cell fat grafting</span>

Stem cellfat grafting is the autotransplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) extracted from fat-abundant donor sites to other areas such as the face, breast, and hip to reconstruct the operative areas into desirable shapes. ADSCs are multipotent stem cells found in adipose tissues, displaying similar differentiation potentials to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs).

References

  1. ↑ Shektman, Dr Arthur (2020-11-15). "What are the Long Term Side Effects of Fat Injections?". Wellesley Cosmetic Surgery. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  2. ↑ "Fat transfer or lipoifilling: price UK, pros and cons, before after pictures". Clinic Hunter - Find a clinic and get a treatment abroad. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  3. 1 2 "Cosmetic procedures – Surgical fat transfer – NHS". nhs.uk. 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  4. ↑ "Top Facts To Know About Liposuction and Fat Transfer in Las Vegas Top 10 Facts You Need to Know About Liposuction and Fat Transfer". vipplasticsurgery.com. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  5. ↑ Bellini, Elisa; Grieco, Michele P.; Raposio, Edoardo (2017-11-10). "The science behind autologous fat grafting". Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 24: 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2017.11.001. ISSN   2049-0801. PMC   5694962 . PMID   29188051.
  6. ↑ Ricardo Rodriguez, MD | Baltimore; Tuesday, December 15. "Fat grafting history and applications". American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Retrieved 2022-09-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Vasavada, Advait; Raggio, Blake S. (2022), "Autologous Fat Grafting For Facial Rejuvenation", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   32491783 , retrieved 2022-09-28
  8. ↑ "Breast Reconstruction: What Is It, Types, Procedure & Recovery". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  9. ↑ "Breast Reconstruction". American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  10. ↑ "Fat Transfer Breast Augmentation: Procedure, Results & Risks". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  11. ↑ Dunn, Eric (2018-12-10). "The Pros and Cons of Fat Transfer Breast Augmentation | BPS". Buckhead Plastic Surgery | Atlanta GA. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  12. ↑ Chia, Christopher T.; Theodorou, Spero J.; Dayan, Erez; Tabbal, Georges; Del Vecchio, Daniel (2018-12-03). ""Brazilian Butt Lift" under Local Anesthesia: A Novel Technique Addressing Safety Concerns". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 142 (6): 1468–1475. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000005067. ISSN   0032-1052. PMID   30489520. S2CID   54151369.
  13. ↑ Karishma, Dr. "What is a Brazilian Butt Lift (BBL) Surgery?". Dr. Karishma Aesthetic Center. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  14. ↑ "Brazilian Butt Lift Ottawa | Butt Augmentation At Ottawa Plastic Surgery". Ottawa Plastic Surgery in Ontario. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  15. ↑ "Buttock Augmentation". Cosmetic Surgery (in Samoan). Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  16. 1 2 3 Simonacci, Francesco; Bertozzi, Nicolò; Grieco, Michele Pio; Grignaffini, Eugenio; Raposio, Edoardo (2017-06-27). "Procedure, applications, and outcomes of autologous fat grafting". Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 20: 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2017.06.059. ISSN   2049-0801. PMC   5491488 . PMID   28702187.
  17. ↑ "Plastic surgery statistics full report 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-09. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  18. ↑ "Hand Rejuvenation Overview: Cost, Recovery, Before & After | AEDIT". Aedit.com | Aesthetic Edit. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  19. ↑ "What is Hand Rejuvenation and How Long Does it Last? | Dr. Adams Plastic Surgery". WILLIAM P. ADAMS JR., MD PLASTIC SURGERY. 2021-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  20. ↑ Khosravani, Nima; Weber, Lee; Patel, Rina; Patel, Anup (2019-01-14). "The 5-Step Filler Hand Rejuvenation: Filling with Hyaluronic Acid". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. 7 (1): e2073. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000002073. ISSN   2169-7574. PMC   6382238 . PMID   30859035.
  21. ↑ gustavo (2019-04-16). "Autologous Micro Fat Grafting | Dr. Lamblet Plastic Surgery" . Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  22. ↑ Simonacci, Francesco; Bertozzi, Nicolò; Grieco, Michele Pio; Grignaffini, Eugenio; Raposio, Edoardo (2017-06-27). "Procedure, applications, and outcomes of autologous fat grafting". Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 20: 49–60. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2017.06.059. ISSN   2049-0801. PMC   5491488 . PMID   28702187.
  23. ↑ Piccolo, Nelson Sarto; Piccolo, Mônica Sarto; Piccolo, Maria Thereza Sarto (2015). "Fat grafting for treatment of burns, burn scars, and other difficult wounds". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 42 (2): 263–283. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2014.12.009. ISSN   1558-0504. PMID   25827568.
  24. ↑ Piccolo, Nelson Sarto; Piccolo, Mônica Sarto; Piccolo, Nelson de Paula; Piccolo, Paulo de Paula; Piccolo, Natalia de Paula; Daher, Ricardo Piccolo; Lobo, Roberta Piccolo; Daher, Silvia Piccolo; Piccolo, Maria Thereza Sarto (2020-01-01). "Fat Grafting for Treatment of Facial Burns and Burn Scars". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 47 (1): 119–130. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2019.08.015. ISSN   0094-1298. PMID   31739888. S2CID   208169228.
  25. ↑ "Fat Grafting to Repair Scarring". www.upmc.com. University of Pittsburgh Medical Center . Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  26. ↑ Yoshimura, Kotaro; Coleman, Sydney R. (2015). "Complications of Fat Grafting: How They Occur and How to Find, Avoid, and Treat Them". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 42 (3): 383–388, ix. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2015.04.002. ISSN   1558-0504. PMID   26116944.
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