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The Federal Signal 3T22 / 2T22 was a dual tone, mechanical outdoor warning siren made by Federal Signal Corporation (formerly Federal Sign and Signal Corporation) from 1952 through the early 1990s. It has a very recognizable design, having a ten-port rotor (chopper) on the bottom with ten cones (horns) and a 12-port one on top with twelve cones.
The Federal Signal 3T22 was originally designed as the 2T22 in 1952 or 1954. The 2T22 had the same number of ports and cones. It could produce two main signals (it could produce more but the other signals were rarely used), hence the name "2T22" (the 2 at front representing the 2 choppers, and the 22 representing the amount of horns). The siren had no solenoids, so it could not perform a "hi-lo" signal. In 1955, Federal designed the 3T22, which was similar, except for its name and that it had solenoids. The 3T22 was superior in design because it could perform the "hi-lo" signal, which is mainly used for fire calls. The 2T22 and 3T22 could produce 113db (measured 100 feet away from the siren). There are four models of this type of siren. the 2T22 A and B and the 3T22 A and B. In the name 3T22, the 3 stands for its three main signals: attack (wail), alert (steady), and hi-lo, and the 22 again stands for the twenty-two cones. The A or B determined whether the motor was three phase or single phase. A 3T22A would be three phase, while a 3T22B would be single phase. The siren was mainly used for air raid warnings during the Cold War era and weather warnings after the war. In the early 1990s, the siren's production was stopped when it was replaced with the newer 2001-SRN, which could reach 126db (also measured 100 feet away), hence the name. Like many other older siren models, these sirens are becoming more uncommon due to their age and because of newer technology.
The 3T22 came in only one port ratio: 10/12. It had ten ports and cones on the bottom and twelve ports and cones on the top. It also had a smaller cone on top to reduce rain and other water-related substances such as snow from getting inside. It had two solenoid boxes, one on top, and one on the bottom. There were also two air intake spots: also one on the top and bottom. The siren had a small stand with three legs so it could be mounted on a pole or roof. The stand could be removed and the siren could be mounted differently.
A subwoofer is a loudspeaker designed to reproduce low-pitched audio frequencies known as bass and sub-bass, lower in frequency than those which can be (optimally) generated by a woofer. The typical frequency range for a subwoofer is about 20–200 Hz for consumer products, below 100 Hz for professional live sound, and below 80 Hz in THX-certified systems. Thus one or more subwoofers are important for high quality sound reproduction as they are responsible for the lowest two to three octaves of the ten that are audible. This very low-frequency (VLF) range reproduces the natural fundamental tones of the bass drum, electric bass, double bass, grand piano, contrabassoon, tuba, in addition to thunder, gunshots, explosions, etc.
A loudspeaker is an electroacoustic transducer that converts an electrical audio signal into a corresponding sound. A speaker system, also often simply referred to as a speaker or loudspeaker, comprises one or more such speaker drivers, an enclosure, and electrical connections possibly including a crossover network. The speaker driver can be viewed as a linear motor attached to a diaphragm which couples that motor's movement to motion of air, that is, sound. An audio signal, typically from a microphone, recording, or radio broadcast, is amplified electronically to a power level capable of driving that motor in order to reproduce the sound corresponding to the original unamplified electronic signal. This is thus the opposite function to the microphone; indeed the dynamic speaker driver, by far the most common type, is a linear motor in the same basic configuration as the dynamic microphone which uses such a motor in reverse, as a generator.
A civil defense siren, also known as an air-raid siren or tornado siren, is a siren used to provide an emergency population warning to the general population of approaching danger. It is sometimes sounded again to indicate the danger has passed. Some sirens, especially within small municipalities, are also used to alert the fire department when needed. Initially designed to warn city dwellers of air raids during World War II, they were later used to warn of nuclear attack and natural disasters, such as tornadoes. The generalized nature of sirens led to many of them being replaced with more specific warnings, such as the broadcast-based Emergency Alert System and the Cell Broadcast-based Wireless Emergency Alerts and EU-Alert mobile technologies.
A long-range acoustic device (LRAD), acoustic hailing device (AHD) or sound cannon is a specialized loudspeaker that produces sound at high power for communicating at a distance. It has been used as a method of crowd control, which has caused permanent hearing damage, having an extremely high decibel capacity. Other uses have included for negotiations in siege situations to deal with piracy at sea; for mass notification during natural disasters or other emergencies; and by defense forces, including several navies.
A siren is a loud noise-making device. Civil defense sirens are mounted in fixed locations and used to warn of natural disasters or attacks. Sirens are used on emergency service vehicles such as ambulances, police cars, and fire engines. There are two general types: mechanical and electronic.
The four-minute warning was a public alert system conceived by the British Government during the Cold War and operated between 1953 and 1992. The name derived from the approximate length of time from the point at which a Soviet nuclear missile attack against the United Kingdom could be confirmed and the impact of those missiles on their targets. The population was to be notified by means of air raid sirens, television and radio, and urged to seek cover immediately. In practice, the warning would have been more likely three minutes or less.
The Automatic Warning System (AWS) provides a train driver with an audible indication of whether the next signal they are approaching is clear or at caution. Depending on the upcoming signal state, the AWS will either produce a 'horn' sound, or a 'bell' sound. If the train driver fails to acknowledge a warning indication, an emergency brake application is initiated by the AWS. However if the driver correctly acknowledges the warning indication by pressing an acknowledgement button, then a visual 'sunflower' is displayed to the driver, as a reminder of the warning.
An emergency population warning is a method where by local, regional, or national authorities can contact members of the public to warn them of an impending emergency. These warnings may be necessary for a number of reasons, including:
A train horn is an air horn used as an audible warning device on diesel and electric-powered trains. Its primary purpose is to alert persons and animals to an oncoming train, especially when approaching a level crossing. They are often extremely loud, allowing them to be heard from great distances. They are also used for acknowledging signals given by railroad employees, such as during switching operations. For steam locomotives, the equivalent device is a train whistle.
Federal Signal Modulators are electronic warning devices produced by Federal Signal Corporation that are used to alert the public about tornadoes, severe weather, earthquakes, fires, lahars, tsunamis, or any other disaster. They are identified mostly by their distinctive stacked "flying saucer" design. The Modulator II is sold based on the more compact chassis of the siren compared to the original Modulators.
Apple II graphics debuted on the 1977 Apple II and was used throughout the Apple II line. They consist of a 16 color low resolution mode and a high resolution mode where visuals are dependent on artifact color. The Apple IIe added "double" versions of each of these, most prominently "double high resolution" with twice the horizontal resolution in 16 colors. Internally, Apple II graphics modes are idiosyncratic and do not simply use a linear frame buffer.
SiraTone was a brand of electronic outdoor warning sirens produced by Federal Signal Corporation which began production in the early 1980s. These sirens were designed to broadcast high-intensity warning signals over a large area. SiraTone products are/were used for natural disaster notification, HAZMAT incident notification, fire call systems, and more. The SiraTone product line is no longer in production. The product line was succeeded by the Modulator and DSA electronic outdoor warning sirens.
American Signal Corporation (ASC) is an outdoor warning siren and mass notification company in the United States. ASC was founded in 1873 as Biersach and Niedermeyer (B&N). After performing poorly, the company reformed as Alerting Communicators of America (ACA) in 1968, and expanded the line of warning systems they produced. In 1992, ACA went bankrupt and was bought and reformed as the American Signal Corporation.
The ACA Hurricane was an electro-mechanical and rotating-directional, 130dB civil defense siren, created and produced by Alerting Communicators of America (ACA). ACA began manufacturing the Hurricane 130 in 1968, and ended production in 1981. The Hurricane 130 is very similar to the Federal Signal Thunderbolt series and was also meant to compete with the Federal Signal Thunderbolt.
The ATI Soundblaster HPSS is an electronic outdoor warning siren manufactured by Acoustic Technology, Inc that is used to alert citizens of tornadoes, hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, fires and so on. The recent HPSS systems use high-powered electronic speakers, which can be independently arranged to provide directional or omnidirectional coverage, depending on installation. The HPSS16 have 4 speakers and the HPSS32 have 8 speakers. They can also be used as public announcement (PA) systems, and can play a number of programmed tones. Options include solar-powered operation pre-recorded voice messages. ATI also sold rotational units of the HPSS16, and HPSS32, called the "HPSS16R" and "HPSS32R", that are now discontinued.
The Public Warning System (PWS) is a network of civil defense sirens installed by the Singapore Civil Defence Force on over 2,000 strategic points in Singapore to warn Singaporeans of impending dangers, air raids and atomic bomb blasts. Thus far, the siren network has only been used for occasional public awareness drills, monthly noon chimes and for commemorating the island's Total Defence (February 15) and Civil Defence Days (September 15). It was also used to mark a minute's silence nationwide for the passing of former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew on the evening of 23 March 2015 and on 1 and 9 August 2020 to mark the first National Day at home.
The Federal Signal Model 2 is an omnidirectional outdoor warning siren produced by Federal Signal Corporation.
On the morning of January 13, 2018, an alert was accidentally issued via the Emergency Alert System and Wireless Emergency Alert System over television, radio, and cellular networks in the U.S. state of Hawaii, instructing citizens to seek shelter due to an incoming ballistic missile. It concluded with "This is not a drill". The message was sent at 8:08 a.m. local time. The state had not authorized civil defense outdoor warning sirens.
The Thunderbolt is a discontinued mechanical outdoor warning siren made by Federal Signal Corporation. It has a very recognizable design, being a unidirectional siren with a large yellow exponential horn.
http://civildefensemuseum.com/sirens/manuals/255A152H-2T22-3T22.pdf