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The Apache are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States,which include the Chiricahua,Jicarilla,Lipan,Mescalero,Mimbreño,Ndendahe,Salinero,Plains and Western Apache. Distant cousins of the Apache are the Navajo,with whom they share the Southern Athabaskan languages. There are Apache communities in Oklahoma and Texas,and reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. Apache people have moved throughout the United States and elsewhere,including urban centers. The Apache Nations are politically autonomous,speak several different languages,and have distinct cultures.
Jicarilla Apache,one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern Apache,refers to the members of the Jicarilla Apache Nation currently living in New Mexico and speaking a Southern Athabaskan language. The term jicarilla comes from Mexican Spanish meaning "little basket",referring to the small sealed baskets they used as drinking vessels. To neighboring Apache bands,such as the Mescalero and Lipan,they were known as Kinya-Inde.
The Apache Wars were a series of armed conflicts between the United States Army and various Apache tribal confederations fought in the southwest between 1849 and 1886,though minor hostilities continued until as late as 1924. After the Mexican–American War in 1846,the United States inherited conflicted territory from Mexico which was the home of both settlers and Apache tribes. Conflicts continued as new United States citizens came into traditional Apache lands to raise livestock and crops and to mine minerals.
Philip St. George Cooke was a career United States Army cavalry officer who served as a Union General in the American Civil War. He is noted for his authorship of an Army cavalry manual,and is sometimes called the "Father of the U.S. Cavalry."
The Ute Wars were a series of conflicts between the Ute people and the United States which began in 1849 and ended in 1923.
Jicarilla is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Jicarilla Apache.
The Battle of Cieneguilla was an engagement of the Jicarilla War involving a group of Jicarilla Apaches,possibly their Ute allies,and the American 1st Cavalry Regiment on March 30,1854 near what is now Pilar,New Mexico. The Santa Fe Weekly Gazette reported that the action "was one of the severest battles that ever took place between American troops and Red Indians." It was one of the first significant battles between American and Apache forces and was also part of the Ute Wars,in which Ute warriors attempted to resist Westward expansion in the Four Corners region.
Pilar is an unincorporated community in Taos County,New Mexico,United States. It is located on the Rio Grande.
Cantonment Burgwin was a U.S. Army fort in the southwestern United States,located ten miles (16 km) south of Taos,New Mexico,southeast of Ranchos de Taos.
Lafayette Head was the first Lieutenant Governor of Colorado,serving from 1876 to 1879 under Governor John Long Routt.
Tammie Allen is a contemporary Native American potter,enrolled in the Jicarilla Apache Nation.
The Battle of Ojo Caliente Canyon,or simply the Battle of Ojo Caliente was an engagement of the Jicarilla War on April 8,1854. Combatants were Jicarilla Apache warriors,and their Ute allies,against the United States Army. The skirmish was fought as result of the pursuit of the Jicarilla after the Battle of Cieneguilla just over a week earlier.
The Jicarilla War began in 1849 and was fought between the Jicarilla Apaches and the United States Army in the New Mexico Territory. Ute warriors also played a significant role in the conflict as they were allied with the Jicarillas. The war started when the Apaches and Utes began raiding against settlers on the Santa Fe Trail. Eventually,in 1853,the U.S. Army retaliated which resulted in a series of battles and campaigns that ended in 1854 when a large military expedition managed to quell most of the violence. However,some minor skirmishing continued into 1855.
Southern Athabaskan is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas. The language is spoken to a much lesser degree in the northern Mexican states of Sonora,Chihuahua,Durango,Coahuila,and Nuevo León. Those languages are spoken by various groups of Apache and Navajo peoples. Elsewhere,Athabaskan is spoken by many indigenous groups of peoples in Alaska,Canada,Oregon and northern California.
George Alexander Hamilton Blake was a cavalry officer in the United States Army during the American Indian Wars,the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War.
Fort Massachusetts was a military installation built in the San Luis Valley in Southern Colorado. It was located near the western bank of Ute Creek on the base of Mount Blanca and sat at an elevation of 8,000 feet,approximately 6 miles north of present-day Fort Garland.
The Fort Pueblo massacre was an attack that occurred on December 25,1854 against Fort Pueblo,Colorado,also known as El Pueblo,a settlement on the north side of the Arkansas River,1⁄2 mile west of the mouth of Fountain Creek,above the mouth of the Huerfano. The attack followed the deaths of Chief Chico Velasquez and others who died of smallpox after having been given blanket coats which the Muache believed had been deliberately contaminated. Coalition forces of over 100 Muache Utes and Jicarilla Dindes under the leadership of Chief Tierra Blanco led the attack against Fort Pueblo,killing 15 men,and capturing one woman,and two boys. Later on,the Muache killed the woman south of Pueblo at the Salt Creek. 2 women and 1 man survived the joint military operation,and the two boys who were captured,eventually returned.
Francisco Chacon was a Jicarilla Apache chief,leader in the Jicarilla uprising of 1854. He led the band that defeated the Davidson detachment of the First Regiment of Dragoons in the Battle of Cieneguilla:the Jicarilla,led by Francisco Chacon,their principal chief,and Flechas Rayadas,fought with flintlock rifles and arrows,killing 22 and a wounding another 36 of 60 dragoon soldiers,who then retreated to Ranchos de Taos lighter by 22 horses and most of the troops' supplies.
Lobo Blanco or White Wolf was a Jicarilla Apache chief of the band that,with 30 warriors,raided the horse herd of the Second Regiment of Dragoons at Fort Union,and,reached up near the Canadian River,was defeated by Lieutenant Bell's Dragoon detachment in the Battle of Canadian River on April 4,1854,before the Battle of Cieneguilla;repeatedly wounded,the chief was finally killed crushing him under a boulder.
Chico Velasquez was a leader of the Jicarilla Apache and Ute people. He was originally closely associated with the Jicarilla and was blamed for attacks on Americans in the early part of the Jicarilla War. Velasquez met with American leaders in 1850 and promised not to take up arms against Americans and Mexicans. By 1854 he was working with the American governor of New Mexico David Meriwether to recover stolen American livestock. As reward for searching for a fugitive murderer,Velasquez was given an embroidered gray coat,but that coat and blankets given to the Ute at the same time were infected with smallpox. The disease killed Velasquez and many other Ute and was one of the causes of the Fort Pueblo Massacre.
References
- ↑ Haley, James L. "the Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait ", University of Oklahoma Press Norman 1981, ISBN 0806129786
- ↑ Garland to Cooke, April 7, 1854, LS, DNM, v. 9, pp. 158-159, FORT UNION Historic Resource Study: Chapter Three: MILITARY OPERATIONS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR, note 55
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