This is a list of participants in the Walker affair, an occupation of Nicaragua by American mercenary William Walker and his followers and supporters. It includes those who joined him in Nicaragua and those who supported the campaign from the United States.
William Walker (May 8, 1824–September 12, 1860) was an American physician, lawyer, journalist, and mercenary. After settling in California and motivated by an earlier filibustering project of Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, Walker attempted in 1853–54 to take Baja California and Sonora, Mexico. He declared those territories to be an independent Republic of Sonora, but he was soon driven back to California by the Mexican forces. Walker then went to Nicaragua in 1855 as leader of a mercenary army employed by the Nicaraguan Democratic Party in its civil war against the Legitimists. He took control of the Nicaraguan government and in July 1856 set himself up as the country's president.[1]
Walker's regime was recognized as the legitimate government of Nicaragua by US president Franklin Pierce and it initially enjoyed the support of some important sectors within Nicaraguan society.[2] However, Walker antagonized the powerful Wall Street tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt by expropriating Vanderbilt's Accessory Transit Company, which operated one of the main routes for the transport of passengers going from New York City to San Francisco. The British Empire saw Walker as a threat to its interests in the possible construction of a Nicaragua Canal. As ruler of Nicaragua, Walker re-legalized slavery, which had been abolished in 1824, albeit this measure was never enforced, and threatened the independence of neighboring Central American republics. A military coalition led by Costa Rica defeated Walker and forced him to resign the presidency of Nicaragua on May 1, 1857.[3]
Walker then tried to re-launch his filibustering project and in 1860 he published a book, The War in Nicaragua, which cast his efforts to conquer Central America as tied to the geographical expansion of slavery. In that way, Walker sought to gain renewed support from pro-slavery forces in the Southern United States on the eve of the American Civil War. That same year Walker returned to Central America but was arrested by the Royal Navy, who handed him over to the Honduran government which executed him.
Henry Gaither Worthington
Henry Gaither Worthington was an attorney. He moved to Tuolumne County, California, in the early 1850s, where he studied law and began his practice. In the mid-1850s, he joined William Walker's filibustering expeditions in Mexico and Nicaragua but later opposed Walker's pro-slavery policies. He returned from Nicaragua to the U.S. only after Walker was executed in Honduras.[4] Worthington served as a member of the California State Assembly from 1861 to 1862, representing the 8th District, and later became Chief Clerk of the Assembly in 1863. Upon Nevada's admission to the Union, he was elected its first U.S. Representative, serving a partial term from October 31, 1864, to March 3, 1865, during which he played a pivotal role in passing the 13th Amendment to abolish slavery. He later served as U.S. Minister to Argentina and Uruguay from 1868 to 1869. Worthington passed away in Washington, D.C., on July 29, 1909, and was buried at Congressional Cemetery.
William Matthew Ormsby
William Ormsby was born in 1814 in Pennsylvania. He moved to California to join the Gold Rush. At age 30 he married a sixteen year old named Margaret Trumbo.[5] He then joined Walker in his invasion of Sonora, Mexico and Baja California in 1853. After the invasion of Mexico failed, Ormsby joined Walker in the invasion of Nicaragua in 1856, where he lost a leg in battle. Ormsby’s wife did not join him in Nicaragua.[5] By 1857 Ormsby was back in the United States. He died in 1860 in a battle against Paiute Indigenous peoples in Nevada.[5]
Chauncey Beaman
Chauncey Beaman (sometimes spelled Beman) was one of William Walker’s “Immortals,”[6] joining the initial filibuster expedition to Nicaragua on May 4, 1855.[7] He served in Company A of the First Battalion of Riflers, part of Walker’s "American Phalanx." Beaman was discharged on January 18, 1856.[7] When Walker left Nicaragua in 1857, Beaman remained in Nicaragua.[8]
George Dionysius Tillman
George Dionysius Tillman was a lawyer, politician, and Confederate veteran.[9] On July 21, 1856, Tillman shot and killed J. Henry Christian, a mechanic, at the Planters’ Hotel in Edgefield, South Carolina, during a dispute over a card game.[9] Rather than face charges, Tillman fled the state and joined William Walker’s filibuster expedition to conquer Nicaragua. Upon his return to Edgefield, Tillman surrendered, was convicted of manslaughter, and served a two-year sentence in the county jail, continuing to practice law from his cell.
Despite this early controversy, Tillman went on to have a notable political career. He served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1854 to 1855 and again in 1864. During the Civil War, he enlisted in South Carolina military units, serving until 1865. Post-war, Tillman participated in the 1865 state constitutional convention and served in the South Carolina Senate later that year. He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives, serving from 1879 to 1881, though he briefly lost his seat to Robert Smalls after a contested election. Re-elected in 1882, he served four additional terms from 1883 to 1893, chairing the Committee on Patents during the Fifty-Second Congress.
Tillman remained active in state politics, attending the 1895 constitutional convention and running unsuccessfully for Governor in 1898.[10] He and his brother were prominent figures in South Carolina politics.
Augustus Calhoun Allen
Augustus Calhoun Allen was born on March 6, 1835, and died on March 15, 1914. He was a businessman and a Confederate officer during the Civil War. On the evening of December 28, 1857, Allen departed from his home in New Orleans, Louisiana, boarding the steamship Texas as a volunteer bound for Nicaragua. He was an officer in Walker’s army. Back in the U.S. in 1859, he married Ellen Virginia Allen. The couple had three children. During the Civil War, he was captured by Union forces outside of Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1864. After the war, in 1879, Allen moved to Texas, where he became the operator of a cotton press.[11]
John P. Heiss
John P. Heiss was born around the year 1812.[12] He got married in 1835 in Philadelphia. In the early 1840s, he was a part of the Tennessee militia and became a journalist. Heiss worked for William Walker in Nicaragua from 1856 to 1857. He went back to the United States in 1857. In 1861 he returned back to Nicaragua where he wanted to grow cotton. Heiss passed away in 1865. His son served in the confederate army.[12]
Wiley Marshall
Wiley Marshall was a twin.[13] His twin's name was Green Marshall.[13] Both brothers decided they were going to join William Walker in Nicaragua in the summer of 1856 but Green never made it.[13] Wiley died in a battle in Nicaragua and Green died in California on the same day.[13] Wiley helped command the attack on the San Jacinto ranch in September 1856.[13] Nicaraguans defeated the filibusters in that famous battle (the Battle of San Jacinto) and today have a national holiday to celebrate their victory over Wiley and his men.
James Caleb Smith
James Caleb Smith was born on June 24, 1824, in Virginia, to Governor William “Billy” Smith and Elizabeth Hansbrough Bell.[14] Governor Smith would become a Confederate general during the Civil War.[15] An attorney, James Caleb Smith moved to California in 1850, accompanying his father, and quickly established himself as a prominent figure in the state.[15] He served as a judge on the San Francisco Supreme Court and was also elected to the California Assembly, becoming a leader within the Democratic Party in the region.[15] Smith became widely known for challenging Senator David C. Broderick to a duel in 1852, after Broderick made disparaging remarks about his father.[15] The duel, held near Oakland Point and witnessed by thousands, resulted in no serious injuries, though Smith’s bullet famously struck and damaged Broderick’s watch, an incident that gained much public attention.[15] It was in California that Smith most likely met Walker and other filibusters.[16] In Nicaragua Smith became involved in a land company. He contracted a fever and passed away in Nicaragua on May 2, 1856, at the age of 31. He was buried in Richmond, Virginia.[14]
Ambrose F. Rudler (Anthony Francis Rudler)
Ambrose F. Rudler, also known as Anthony Francis Rudler, was a participant in William Walker's filibustering campaigns. Rudler was among those who joined Walker in the invasion of Mexico and later the war in Nicaragua. He was born in Alsace-Lorraine. He moved to the state of Georgia in the U.S. with his family as a child.
He was a general in the confederate army in Georgia.[17]
Martin P. Avery
Martin P. Avery was born in New York in 1836. Avery was the adjutant of President Haye’s regiment. He was a member of the Masonic lodge in Kansas.[18] Prior to his death, Martin spent time in Nicaragua as a filibuster. His time there was somewhat brief due to his untimely death.[19]
Daniel K. Bailey
Daniel K. Bailey was born on January 27, 1838, in Groveland, Livingston County, New York.[20] He was elected by his fellow filibusters to serve as a lieutenant of the first battalion in Walker’s army.[8] On February 23, 1862, Bailey married Phoebe A. Lowden.[20] The couple had two daughters, Libbie Wood and Grace Bailey.[20] Bailey died on April 27, 1900 and was buried in New York.[20]
Edgar Vanover
Edgar Vanover fought with William Walker in Nicaragua. When Walker surrendered to the Costa Rican forces in 1857 Vanover came back to the U.S. with approximately 400 other filibusters.[21] He then moved to California, eventually settling in Golden, Colorado. He was unable to return to Missouri because he was wanted for a crime there.[22] In September 1859, after a day of heavy drinking and making threats against the co-owners of his saloon, Vanover was hanged to death.[23] He was hanged for a crime he had threatened to commit.[24]
Frank Turk
Frank Turk, an attorney, was active in California politics. He served as president of the San Francisco Common Council. He embarked on the Sierra Nevada ship on October 20, 1855, to Nicaragua. The ship reached San Juan del Sur on November 1. Shortly after, he returned to California, departing again on December 5 on the same vessel. He arrived in Nicaragua on November 17.
Frank William Stewart
Frank William Stewart joined William Walker's army in February 1857.[25] On March 7, he arrived in Nicaragua as part of the last company to come from California.[26] Stewart was appointed captain of the Red Star Guard and became known as Captain Stewart.[27] Even though he was a captain, Stewart later spoke out against the campaign, trying to share what he believed really happened in Nicaragua and clear up false ideas people had in the U.S.[28] Stewart recorded detailed recollections of the battle scenes and his personal interactions with William Walker, providing valuable insight into the campaign.[29]
James Carson Jamison
James Carson Jamison was a soldier who served under William Walker, participating in his military campaigns in Nicaragua.[24] He was born on September 30, 1830, in a pioneer home that was located about two and a half miles southeast of Paynesville in Pike County, Missouri.[24] His father, John Carson Jamison, had migrated to Missouri from North Carolina during the early days of EuroAmerican settlement.[24] In James' early years he worked as a miner in Georgetown, El Dorado County, in California, while waiting to join William Walker in Nicaragua.[24] He received forty-four votes for the position of first lieutenant in Nicaragua from the others who were with him on the Sierra Nevada ship on their way to filibuster.[24] He was later appointed by Walker to the company D of the first infantry.[24] Once he was back from Nicaragua he fought on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War.[30] He passed away on November 19, 1916, in Guthrie, Oklahoma, and was laid to rest in Clarksville.[24]
Edward John Cage Kewen
Edward John Cage Kewen, (Edward J.C. Kewen) born in 1825, was from Columbus, Mississippi.[31] In 1855, Kewen, a close friend of Walker, joined the enterprise, taking on fiscal responsibilities in the Walker administration, traveling to the southern states to recruit men and funds for the Nicaraguan "adventure."[32] Kewen's brother also joined Walker in Nicaragua and died there in 1855. Kewen later became a prominent criminal defense attorney and the proprietor of El Molino Viejo, an estate surrounding the old mill of Mission San Gabriel.[33] He also made an unsuccessful bid for Congress as a member of the Whig Party.[34] Kewen was a Mason.[35] On November 26, Kewen, who had just turned 54, died at his old mill residence.[33] The 1880 federal census mortality listing, recorded the cause of death as "Paralysis & Bronchial Consumption," attributed to strokes and tuberculosis.[33]
Alexander Wake Holeman
Alexander Wake Holeman was born on February 20, 1827, in Frankfort, Kentucky, and died on October 19, 1887, in Louisville, Kentucky.[36] Holeman was known as a professional filibuster and a soldier of fortune.[37] He served in the Mexican-American War and was captured by the Mexican army near La Encarnación, Mexico, on January 21, 1847.[36] He famously took two chances in a death lottery—one for himself and one for a friend he deemed less capable of facing the risk—before escaping captivity in July 1847.[36] He then served in Colonel Humphrey Marshall’s Regiment of Kentucky Riflemen, with whom he traveled to Cuba in 1851 to participate in the Lopez Rebellion and the Battle of Cardenas under General George Pickett.[37] In 1855–56, he joined Walker in Nicaragua, and later commanded a Kentucky cavalry regiment on the Union side during the U.S. Civil War.[37] He was a machinist and hotelkeeper before the Civil War and he enslaved 9 individuals during his time in Owen County, Kentucky in 1860.[38] After the Civil War, he returned to Kentucky where he drew a pension for his participation in the Mexican-American War.[39]
Alexander Parker Crittenden
Alexander Parker Crittenden was a follower and avid supporter of William Walker and his invasion of Nicaragua.[40] In the 1850s Crittenden was a recruiter for the expedition while he simultaneously worked in California as a lawyer.[41] Because of his status and wealth, Crittenden was a strong financial supporter of William Walker's invasion of Nicaragua.[40] Although there is no record of his children fighting for Walker, Crittenden had many family members travel with and support his crusade.[41] Alexander P. Crittenden did not die while fighting in Nicaragua for Walker; he was shot and killed by Laura Fair in front of his family on the docks of San Francisco in 1870.[42] Fair, in a moment of temporary insanity—according to the courts—had shot Crittenden because during their seven-year affair he had led her to believe first that he was a widower and then that he would leave his wife, Clara, for her. The murder sparked a trial and a subsequent retrial that drew considerable public attention.[42]
Volney R. Bristol
Volney R. Bristol was from Connecticut.[43] It appears that he deserted from Walker's army to Costa Rica, where he was forced to participate as an assistant engineer and then sued for damages.[44] He was born on December 22, 1829, never married, and died in August 1887.[45] He became a sergeant in the Connecticut Infantry Company I and was honorably discharged from the Infantry in 1863.[46] He had one sister and two brothers.[44]
Charles L. Mann
Charles L. Mann, a government official and Texas Ranger, was born around 1825 in Mississippi.[47] In 1847, he was appointed as the interim adjutant general of Texas.[47] He was a member of the Episcopal Church.[47] He was also a member of the Sons of Temperance.[48] Later on in 1857 he became a Texas Rangers Colonel,[47] and joined William Walker's colonization of Nicaragua.[49]
John Tabor
John Tabor was the publishing director of the El Nicaragüense newspaper in 1854.[50] Tabor accompanied William Walker along with six of the original "immortals" aboard the steamship Fashion headed to Greytown, Nicaragua.[51] Tabor often got into confrontations regarding his right to publish his paper in Central America.[52] John Tabor, along with Owen Duffy, opened a law firm where they exclusively focused on claims that were made targeting the government.[51] Tabor was influential during this time, given his role with El Nicaragüense.[51]
Collier Clarence Hornsby
Collier Clarence Hornsby was born in Columbia, Mississippi.[53] He was in the US Army before joining William Walker.[54] After the military, Hornsby took part in the Nicaragua expedition with Walker in 1855.[55] Hornsby only agreed to join Walker in taking over Nicaragua if he received the title as captain.[54] By joining Walker early on, Hornsby is considered one of the "immortals."[53] He married, had two children, and travelled with them.[53] While traveling back to Nicaragua from New York, he used the name Collier Clarence Hornsby in order to not get caught by the County Prosecutor in New York.[54] His real name was Charles Hornsby.[54]
Martin P. Avery
Martin P. Avery was born in New York in 1836. Avery was the adjutant of President Haye's regiment. He was a member of the Masonic lodge in Kansas.[18] Avery was married but records show that he and his wife spent years without seeing each other. Avery was known as a walking skeleton, weighing only 48 pounds at the time of his death in 1882. Prior to his death, Avery spent time in Nicaragua as a filibuster.[19]
Sumpter Willamson
Sumpter Williamson was born in Georgia in 1833.[56] He was the second of four children born to Ethelbort and Sarah Williamson.[57] His family lived in Talladega County, Alabama.[56] On March 30, 1856, he was commissioned as second lieutenant of Company G in the First Battalion Riflemen in William Walker's invading army. Seven months later, on October 24, 1856, Walker promoted him to first lieutenant within the same battalion. He participated in the burning of the Nicaraguan colonial city of Granada.[58] According to William Walker's memoirs, Sumpter had "unflinching courage and [a] jovial spirit".[59] Back in the U.S. in 1862, Sumpter fought on the side of the Confederacy alongside former filibusters at the Battle of Roanoke Island in North Carolina.[60] During the battle, he led Captain Lewis' Company, where he was wounded during the fighting.[60]
Birkett D. Fry
Birkett Davenport Fry was born in 1822 in West Virginia.[61] Attending two different military schools, Fry originally joined the Virginia Military Institute in 1840, but he resigned nearly a year later.[61] He then enrolled at West Point Military School, where he also had to leave before graduating, dropping out due to his academic deficiency in math.[62] Fry accompanied Walker on his journey to Nicaragua, originally serving as a colonel in Walker's army.[63] While in Nicaragua, Fry eventually became a general, before returning home in 1859.[63]
Lipscomb Norvell Walker
Lipscomb Norvell Walker was the brother of William Walker. He fought as a volunteer from Tennessee in the Mexican American war.[64] Lipscomb ended the war as a captain after moving up the ranks from second lieutenant.[64] Lipscomb joined William in the conquest of Nicaragua.[65] He caught a fever during the conquest of the San Juan river and died shortly after near Havana, Cuba.
John David Walker
John David Walker was born into a family of enslavers in Georgia.[66] He enlisted as a soldier and fought in the Mexican-American War at 21 years old, until he injured his legs on August 20, 1847, at the Battle of Churubusco.[67] He then briefly went to Nicaragua with William Walker to filibuster.[68] When he returned, he enlisted in the Confederate army in 1861, becoming major of the First Regiment Georgia Regulars on June 19, 1861, until February 6, 1862, where he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel.[69] At the Second Battle of Manassas, he was shot in the leg, but refused amputation, dying of a gangrene infection on October 3, 1862, at the age of 37.[70] It is unknown whether John David Walker had a wife or children, but he did have a brother who was a famous general in the Confederate army named William H T Walker who died only two years later.[71]
David Deadrick
David Deadrick became a miner at a young age.[72] He came from a working class family and worked in the gold mines to make a living. Due to bad fortune in the mines, in 1855 he would join William Walker in his take over of Nicaragua.[72] While in Nicaragua he wrote a two part memoir under the name of Samuel Absalom.[73] His memoir, The Experience of Samuel Absalom,[74] contains information on his time to Nicaragua .[74]
Alexander C. Lawrence
Alexander C. Lawrence was an attorney.[75] He owned a saloon in New York City from 1850 to 1857 where filibusters would hang out.[75] The establishment was called the St. Charles' Saloon and it was located at the corner of Broadway and Leonard Streets.[76][77] In August 1856 Lawrence was working as the General Emigrant Agent for the William Walker administration in Nicaragua.[78] Lawrence's Emigrant office was located on Broadway Street in New York City.[78]
Charles Sully Wheeler
Charles Sully Wheeler was born on November 6, 1839, to John Hill Wheeler and Ellen Oldmixon Sully.[79] He was in Nicaragua with William Walker, likely due to his father’s prominent role as the U.S. Minister to Nicaragua. John Hill Wheeler openly supported Walker’s regime, helping to legitimize his government and aligning U.S. interests with Walker’s ambitions.
While no direct records exist of Charles Sully Wheeler's active participation in the invasion, his presence during this period suggests he may have indirectly contributed through his father’s diplomatic and logistical efforts.[80] It is possible that Charles aided in facilitating communications or operations related to Walker’s campaign, given his proximity to key players and events. This exposure to the political and military activities in Nicaragua may have influenced his later decision to pursue a career in the U.S. Navy, reflecting a lifelong engagement with military and governmental affairs.
Jane Maria Eliza McManus (1807), later known as Jane Cazneau, was a prominent writer covering international relations and U.S. involvement abroad.[84] As a pioneering woman in journalism, she became one of the earliest American journalists to report from enemy-controlled areas during the US-Mexico War.[84] Known for promoting Manifest Destiny, she backed William Walker and his filibuster campaigns in Central America.[85] Cazneau supported expansionist political movements and filibuster wars through her extensive contributions to newspapers, journals, and other publications.[86] She is often called the "Mistress of Manifest Destiny."[84] Cazneau sought out financial opportunities outside the U.S. and invested in a silver mine in Chontales, Nicaragua.[86] She drowned at sea in 1878.[85]
Jack Harris
Born in Connecticut in 1834, Jack Harris left his home to go to sea at 12 years old,[64] later joining William Walker in 1856.[87] As a member of William Walker's Nicaragua Expedition, Jack Harris served under the filibuster for a brief time before being rescued from a firing squad by Walker himself.[87] After spending about four years with William Walker, Harris joined the San Antonio police force; he then served in the Civil War for the Confederacy[87] under the Second Texas Cavalry.[64] After the war, Jack Harris rejoined the police force in San Antonio during the Reconstruction period[64] until 1872 when he opened a saloon at the corner of Soledad and West Commerce on Main Plaza.[64] His saloon, named Jack Harris Vaudeville Theater and Saloon, became very popular, especially in the gambling world.[64] One night in 1880, a former friend of Jack Harris was banned from the saloon after losing heavily and threatening the place.[88] The threatening party, Ben Thompson, who was a known gunman, gambler, and saloon owner in Austin, Texas, returned to San Antonio on July 11, 1882, as the new City Marshal of Austin.[89] A face-off occurred at the Jack Harris Vaudeville Theater and Saloon as Harris waited to confront Thompson and his threats of shutting down the saloon.[89] An argument arose that ultimately ended with Harris's death after Thompson shot him in the Vaudeville Theater.[87] Jack Harris was unmarried at the time of his death.[87] He was a very influential member of his community with strong connections to the political authorities of the area,[64] a fact heavily supported by the 47 carriages in the procession of his funeral on July 12, 1882.[87] Ben Thompson obtained a "not guilty" verdict in the delayed trial on January 16, 1883.[89]
Ellen Oldmixon Sully
Ellen Oldmixon Sully was born on January 16, 1816, and died in 1896. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Thomas Sully and Sarah Annis.[90] She married John Hill Wheeler on November 8, 1838, and they had two children, Charles Sully Wheeler (1839–1916) and Levi Woodbury Wheeler.[91] Their two children had a half sibling from John Hill Wheeler's previous marriage to Mary Elizabeth Brown.[92] Oldmixon Sully joined her husband's voyage to Nicaragua and spent three years there with her family in support of William Walker; her husband was the U.S. minister to Walker's government.[93]
Ira Munson
Ira Munson joined William Walker in his invasion of Nicaragua in 1855. Walker named him Second Sargeant. Munson was also one of Walker's "Immortals".[94] He was later a captain in the 126th New York Infantry Division in 1862.[64] Munson fought in the Civil War on the side of the Union.[95] He was taken as a prisoner of war and died from battle wounds on May 14, 1864.[64]
Thomas Grosvenor Adkins and Mary Walker Adkins
Thomas Grosvenor Adkins, born in England 1823, was a very successful military musician who took over the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers Band.[96] He spent many years in England working with bands, before then immigrating to the U.S. and finding himself in New Orleans.[96] Accompanied by his wife, Mary Walker Adkins, they voyaged with William Walker down to Nicaragua to create a new state.[97] After fighting with his group, he pondered around the coast, creating a group of musicians who played for the people around.[98] He then caught a local sickness after quite some time and was brought back to New York for treatment.[98]
Mary Walker Adkins (sometimes spelled Atkins) was the first wife of Thomas Grosvenor Adkins, a famous military musician born in England.[99] She was also born in England and had a son who died in the U.S. Civil War.[98] She accompanied her husband to Nicaragua.[97] There, she and Mrs. Morris created the filibuster flag for William Walker's invading army.[100] That flag resembled the Nicaraguan flag but replaced the triangle with five volcanoes in the middle with a red star.[101]
Pierre Soulé
Pierre Soulé strongly advocated for William Walker's filibuster campaigns.[102] He supported Walker's campaigns through persuasive speeches, political support, and by raising half a million dollars.[102] He was able to raise money for Walker by speaking to a crowd in New Orleans where he requested funds for weapons and supplies.[102] Soulé also worked as a lawyer working to defend Walker's efforts in Nicaragua.[citation needed] He visited Nicaragua to support Walker.[103] There he was seen in private conferences with Walker.[103] According to Walker, he played an important role in Nicaragua partly due to his ability to speak Spanish fluently.[103] Accessed 26 Nov. 2024.</ref> Some argue that Soulé played a role in convincing Walker to reinstate enslavement in Nicaragua and that Soulé was looking forward to growing cotton in Nicaragua.[104]
Charles D. Bonsall
Charles D. Bonsall was born in Mississippi and died on June 2, 1856, in Granada, Nicaragua.[105] He graduated with honors from the College of New Jersey (Princeton University) and later attended the University of Virginia Law School.[106] After his graduation he became an editor of the Vicksburg Sentinel in Mississippi, which eventually merged into The Sun.[107] Around 1851, The Sun was sold to Bonsall and a business partner who later sold his part to John M. Jewell, converting the firm into “Bonsall & Jewell.”[107] In 1853 Bonsall was working as a defense attorney in Vicksburg, Mississippi as part of the firm Bonsall and Irions.[108] Bonsall was a member of the American Whig Society.[109] Before his trip to Nicaragua he was involved in local politics and wrote a letter to Jefferson Davis, the Confederate leader from Mississippi, on August 16, 1856.[110]
Chatham Roberdeau Wheat
Chatham Roberdeau Wheat, sometimes referred to as "Bob", was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on April 9, 1826.[111] Wheat's father was an Episcopalian Clergyman, and his mother was the granddaughter of General Roberdeau, who was among the first leaders of the troops in Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary War.[112] Wheat spent his youth in New Orleans, after his family moved away from Virginia.[111] In 1842 Wheat moved to Tennessee with his family to study at the University of Nashville, and received his bachelor's degree in 1846.[112] Wheat fought in Mexico and later supported the Confederacy.[113] He seems to have not written about his time in Nicaragua.[113] He left New York for Nicaragua in late 1856.[113]
Henry T. Titus
Henry Titus was a freemason,[114] mercenary, and founder of Titusville.[115] Titus led an expedition to Cuba (1850) and was accompanied by Lt. Col. Theodore O’Hara and about 120 men when he set sail.[114] In 1856, Titus moved to Bleeding Kansas, joining pro-slavery forces.[116][117] Titus worked with William Walker in Nicaragua in 1857.[118] Titus fought in the final battle of Rivas and the San Juan River campaign. William Walker wrote in his memoirs that Titus was a traitor because of his abandonment of the Fillibuster Camp. Titus came close to sparking an international conflict between the United States and Great Britain when he was arrested in Nicaragua for allegedly threatening a British naval officer and making disparaging remarks about the queen of England.[115]
Henry S. Ervay
Originally from New York, Henry Schley Ervay eventually established himself in Texas.[119] During his time as mayor of Dallas from 1870 to 1872, he opted to go to jail rather than complying with the Reconstructionists’ orders.[120] In the 1850s he joined William Walker in his invasion of Nicaragua.[119] Approximately two hundred of Walker's followers landed at Fort Truxillo, Honduras, and one of their squads was commanded by Ervay.[119] In a battle with Central Americans, Ervay sustained nine wounds.[119] He survived, in spite of his injured limbs.[119] He eventually went back to the U.S. and spent time in the city of New Orleans.[119] In the fall of 1863, Ervay joined the Confederate army and was appointed assistant quartermaster with the rank of colonel.[119] Once Ervay settled in California, he became part of San Diego County's Royal Arch Masons.[121]
Lewis Miles Hobbs Washington
Lewis Miles Hobbs Washington was a writer who served in the Texas war against Mexico.[122] He was a colonel in his military career.[123] Lewis was part of the Lockridge filibuster expedition in Nicaragua in the 1850s.[124] In 1857, Lewis was shot on the foot.[125] While recovering from his wound he was captured and killed by Costa Rican forces, at age 43.[125]
Julius DeBrissot
Julius DeBrissot was originally from New Orleans.[126] He was a Mason.[127] In January 1855, DeBrissot was on his way to the Galapagos when he was convinced by Henry Crabb, Thomas F. Fisher, and Collier Clarence Hornsby to stay in Nicaragua.[128] DeBrissot was one of the fifty-eight filibusters that went with Walker on his expedition to Nicaragua on the Vesta that landed in El Realejo on June 16, 1855.[129] DeBrissot took part in the First Battle of Rivas on June 29, 1855, where he was wounded.[130]
William Alexander Rhea
William Alexander Rhea was born in 1838 in Tennessee.[131] At 19, he attended a school in Tennessee called the Blout Academy.[131] After his time at the Blout Academy Rhea, his brother, and his father relocated to Texas.[131] While in Texas, Rhea and his brother opened a mill specializing in corn and wheat production.[131] Rhea joined William Walker in Nicaragua as a First Lieutenant in 1856.[132] At the beginning of the Civil War, Rhea enlisted in the Confederate army and became captain.[133] After the war, Rhea had a stint as a politician in McKinney County Texas, and married Ella Foote in July 1868, at age 35.[133] Rhea passed away on September 30 in his home at the age of 73 due to complications related to old age.[134]
Charles Wilkins Webber
Charles Wilkins Webber was a well-known author.[135] He married in Boston in 1849.[136] His wife was his artistic collaborator, and together they worked on his first book titled, “The Hunter Naturalist,” which was published in 1851. He and his wife joined William Walker in Nicaragua.[135] Webber fought in a battle in Masaya, Nicaragua.[135] He had the intention of returning to the U.S. with his wife after that battle but was not heard from again.[135]
Joseph Lewis Vital Bogy
Joseph Lewis Vital Bogy was born in 1838 in St Genevieve, Missouri.[137] He married Eliza Kimbel in 1860, and had two children, Julia Bogy and Lewis Vital Bogy.[137] In 1855, he was arrested and imprisoned by the Mexican government in La Paz, California, presumably for his actions involving William Walker's filibuster expedition.[138] His father, the U.S. Senator Lewis Vital Bogy, would attempt to sue the Mexican government for $50,000 regarding his son's imprisonment, albeit unsuccessfully.[138] He joined William Walker and engaged in his filibuster movement in 1855, where he attempted to forcibly take over Nicaragua.[139] He died near Lima, Peru, in 1907.[137]
Thomas Francis Bayard
Thomas Francis Bayard (October 29, 1828 – September 28, 1898) was an attorney.[140] Bayard abandoned his studies and joined Walker. After Bayard decide come back due to pressure from his dad, Bayard studied law.[141] Bayard steadily started climbing the political ladder. He was appointed the U.S. District Attorney for Delaware. Fifteen years later, he was elected Senator from Delaware. He later became Secretary of State and after completing term of office, served as the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain.[142] He returned to the United States in 1897 with failing health and retired from public life and died the following year.[143]
D. Bernard "Barney" Woolfe
In 1856, when Second Lieutenant H. C. Hall left Walker's army and went back to the United States, D. Bernard "Barney" Woolfe (sometimes spelled Woolf)[144] was promoted to Second Lieutenant in Walker's army.[145] Lieutenant Woolfe spent the majority of 1856 as the post-adjutant of Granada.[146] Woolfe was promoted to First Lieutenant Infantry Company D, First Light.[147] Woolfe killed Second Lieutenant Kruger, another filibuster in Walker's army, in 1856.[146] After his time in Nicaragua, Woolfe lived in San Francisco, where he served for at least five years (1875-1880)[144] as the California Supreme Court Commission secretary.[146] Barney Woolfe was still living in California in 1885, and got together with old filibuster friends to reminisce about their invasion of Nicaragua.[148]
George F. Alden
George F. Alden was born on October 1, 1829.[149] Alden studied law in New York and was elected to the member of Assembly.[149] George F. Alden was appointed by President Rivas to assess the debts owed to Nicaragua after General Walker revoked company charters.[150] The commissioners seized all associated property, including ships and facilities.[151] This further escalated tensions with Commodore Vanderbilt as well as drawing criticism from American newspapers.[152]
Henry Alonzo Maltby
Henry Alonzo Maltby, a journalist and former mayor of Corpus Christi, Texas, joined General William Walker's filibuster expedition to Nicaragua in 1857.[153] Maltby gathered and commanded a company of recruits from Texas to support Walker's attempt to control Nicaragua.[154] After his involvement in Nicaragua, Maltby returned to Texas, where he resumed his career in publishing.[155] He was a Mason.[155] He supported the Confederacy during the Civil War.[155]
Peter S. Veeder
Peter S. Veeder was a captain in the filibuster army. He was one of the followers of filibusterWilliam Walker, helping him take control of Nicaragua in the mid-1850s. Veeder was one of 16 that fought in the Battle of Rivas on April 11, 1856.[97] He was said to have helped save many wounded filibusters.[24] Veeder was injured but survived.[97] Veeder had had previous run-ins with the law. On September 14, 1854, a scuffle took place between Veeder and James Campbell resulting in the later being shot dead; Peter was consequently arrested.[156]
Charles Bledsoe
Charles Bledsoe, born in 1822 near Lexington, Kentucky, moved at a young age to Missouri.[157] Bledsoe retold his story 82 years later to The San Antonio Daily Express. He recalled to have served under General Zachary Taylor in the Mexican-American War. Bledsoe claimed that he had fought in the Battle of the Alamo, narrowly escaping death. Some time later, Bledsoe joined a filibustering expedition to Nicaragua. After 18 months in Nicaragua, he returned to the U.S. serving in the Union army under General Rosencrans and Blunt.[158] Despite Bledsoe's many stories, there is a lack of evidence to show the validity of his claims.[159]
Asa Collinsworth Hill
Asa Collinsworth Hill was born near Hillsboro Georgia in November, 1826.[160] Before volunteering in Walker's army in 1856, he worked as a secretary to United States Senator Sam Houston in 1846, enlisted in the Mexican War and worked as a hospital steward in Coahuila Mexico, and led a spy company in the battle of Piedra Pinta until late 1848.[160] In 1849, he married Mary Chapman, and had two sons with her.[161] In 1856, after recruiting men and raising money for William Walker's army, Hill left from New Orleans and arrived in Punta Arenas where he took on the roles of an administrative assistant to Colonel Samuel A. Lockridge.[160] Hill was injured when the boiler of the steamer J. N. Scott blew up on a retreat down the San Juan River after an attempted but failed assault of Fort Castillo.[160] Hill became a member of the Texas State Police in 1870, and spent his career advancing from first lieutenant to colonel.[160] From 1904 to 1907, Hill traveled throughout Texas gathering information to create a history of Texas but he never finished.[160] Hill died on October 9, 1913, and was buried at his son's ranch.[162]
Archibald Wynns
Archibald Wynns, an attorney and politician, was born on December 25, 1807, in Henry County, Tennessee.[163] On January 12, 1836, he married Martha Elizabeth Edmunds, and together, they had four boys and four girls.[164] Archibald began practicing law in Houston in 1837 and played a key role in founding Houston’s First Methodist Church, established in 1839.[165] In 1841 and 1842, Wynns served as Harris County’s representative in the House of the Sixth Congress of the Republic of Texas.[165] Three years later, Wynns actively participated in Houston's local efforts to secure annexation by the United States.[163] In 1855, Wynns embarked on a ship to San Francisco to join the California gold rush.[165] While in California, he developed an interest in the exploits of adventurer and filibuster William Walker.[165] Wynns participated in Walker's final expedition in Central America but succumbed to an illness contracted during his journey back on August 21, 1859.[163]
William Reader (Reeder)
William Reader (Reeder) was a lieutenant in William Walker's army in Nicaragua.[166] There are two spellings of his name, one being Reader[166] and the other being Reeder.[167] He became a member of The Masaya Jockey Club in September 1858.[168] His committee helped establish the rules of the club, and he was one of three members.[168] Reader (Reeder) took part in a notable battle with William Walker at the San Jacinto Cattle Ranch, where many lives were taken.[167]
Horace Bell
Horace Bell, born on December 11, 1830 in Indiana, was a prominent figure in the history of the city of Los Angeles, CA.[169] He dedicated his life to public service as a lawyer, ranger, author, and soldier.[170] Bell wrote a book called Reminiscences of a Ranger, where he captures his experiences during the early days of Los Angeles.[171] He served in the Union Army, and participated as a filibuster in William Walker’s expedition as a soldier.[172]
Rasey Biven
Rasey Biven was part of Henry A. Crabb's filibustering expedition into Sonora that took place in 1857.[173]Crabb had been heavily recruited by Wiliam Walker but decided not to join Walker. On October 1856, Rasey Biven, one of Crabb's brother-in-law, traveled to Sonora, likely serving as a press agent for Crabb's expedition. Using the pseudonym "Yesar," Biven wrote glowing letters to California newspapers about the venture. Earlier that year, he is believed to have held a minor political position in Sacramento.[174] Biven was imprisoned in Hermosillo, Sonora charged with aiding Crabb.[175] Biven claimed in an article for the “Alta California” that Crabb's party was not a filibustering expedition but a peaceful colonization effort. According to Biven, Crabb came to Sonora at the invitation of Don Ignacio Pesqueira, who later denounced them as filibusters and waged war against them to eliminate any witnesses.Minister Forsyth made persistent efforts to get Biven's release and he was successful. He was released from custody in April 1857 because there was insufficient evidence to hold him.[176] Biven went back to California and on December 6, 1857, moved to Stockton where he became editor of The Weekly Democrat.[177] Later that year, Rasey Biven is said to be killed.[178] However, a different source reported that his death took place in 1868.[179]
Related Research Articles
William Walker was an American physician, lawyer, journalist, and mercenary. In the era of the expansion of the United States, driven by the doctrine of "manifest destiny", Walker organized unauthorized military expeditions into Mexico and Central America with the intention of establishing colonies. Such an enterprise was known at the time as "filibustering".
Juan Rafael Mora Porras was President of Costa Rica from 1849 to 1859.
The second USS Cyane was a sloop-of-war in the United States Navy during the Mexican–American War.
Granville Henderson Oury was a nineteenth-century American politician, lawyer, judge, soldier, and miner.
Patricio Rivas was a wealthy liberal Nicaraguan lawyer and politician, member of the Democratic Party, who served as Acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua from June 30, 1839 to July 27, 1839 and from September 21, 1840 to March 4, 1841. Later he served as a president of one of the several competing governments of Nicaragua from October 30, 1855 to June 24, 1857. However, he was merely a puppet president; rule was held by William Walker.
The Second Battle of Rivas occurred on 11 April 1856 between Costa Rican militia under General Juan Rafael Mora Porras and the Nicaraguan forces of American mercenary William Walker. The lesser known First Battle of Rivas took place on the 29 June 1855 between Walker's forces and the forces of the Chamorro government of Nicaragua.
A filibuster, also known as a freebooter, is someone who engages in an unauthorized military expedition into a foreign country or territory to foster or support a political revolution or secession. The term is usually applied to United States American citizens who incited rebellions / insurrections across Latin America with its recently independent but unstable nations freed from Royal control of the Kingdom of Spain and its Spanish Empire in the 1810s and 1820s. Particularly in the mid-19th century, usually with the goal of establishing an American-loyal regime that could later be annexed into the North American Union as territories or free states, serving the interests of the United States. Probably the most notable example is the Filibuster War initiated by William Walker (1824–1860), in the 1850s in Nicaragua and Central America.
The Filibuster War or Walker affair was a military conflict between filibustering multinational troops stationed in Nicaragua and a coalition of Central American armies. An American mercenary, William Walker, and his small private army were invited to Nicaragua in 1855. He seized control of the country by 1856, but was ousted the following year.
Florencio Xatruch was a general who led the Honduran expeditionary force against William Walker in Nicaragua in 1856.
The Republic of Baja California and Sonora or more simply known as the Republic of Sonora was a short-lived, unrecognized federal republic ruled by filibuster William Walker in 1854. It was based in Baja California and also claimed Sonora. Walker's actions generated interest back in San Francisco, where bonds for the Republic of Sonora were sold, and its flag was even raised in places. His enterprise, however, suffered from a lack of supplies and discontent from within; the Mexican government quickly forced Walker to retreat.
The First Battle of Rivas occurred on June 29, 1855, as part of the struggle to resist William Walker, an American filibuster, adventurer and mercenary who arrived in Nicaragua with a small army of mercenaries in June 1855 in support of the Liberal democratic government of General Francisco Castellón in the Nicaraguan civil war. His army, with local support, was able to defeat the Legitimist party (Aristocratic) and conclude the Nicaraguan civil war.
Máximo Jerez Tellería was a 19th-century Nicaraguan politician, lawyer and military leader. He is considered to be one of the greatest Liberal political thinkers in Nicaraguan history. He was a leader of the movement towards Central American unity.
Henry Lawrence Kinney was an American politician, military officer, and later filibuster known for founding what became the city of Corpus Christi, Texas. Born in Pennsylvania, Kinney moved to Texas in 1838 and settled near present-day Brownsville. He served in both houses of the Texas Legislature. He was killed in a gunfight in Mexico in 1862. Kinney County, Texas is named for him.
Between 1665 and 1857, Caribbean pirates and filibusters operated in Lake Nicaragua and the surrounding shores. The Spanish city of Granada, located on the lake, was an important trading centre for much of its early history so it was a prime target for pirates such as Welshman Henry Morgan and freebooters like William Walker.
Parker Hardin French was an adventurer, entrepreneur, and swindler, labeled and chronicled by author Joe Goodbody as the “Kentucky Barracuda.” As a runaway child he fought as a member of the Royal Navy in the First Opium War as a cabin boy and a "powder monkey". At only 22, he was a commission merchant and a year later built the first ocean going ship on the upper Mississippi. Before he was 30, he was the leader of an infamous and fraudulent gold rush expedition; implicated in an irregular invasion of Cuba; jailed bandit and then military hero in Mexico; lawyer, district attorney, legislator, journalist, and political enforcer in California; he was a real estate developer; lawyer; journalist; part of a conspiracy to invade Mexico; suspected seditionist agitator and Confederate agent; jailed as a political prisoner; and lawyer and purveyor for Union troops. His final days were spent in obscurity but the period was still peppered with the occasional swindle that garnered both regional and national attention. When French died in 1878, his death went generally unnoticed. Newspapers had reported the death of French before—at least five separate times. He had been twice killed in gunfights, twice executed in Mexico—once by a firing squad, once by hanging—and once killed in Nicaragua. Acquaintances thought he might have drunk himself to death. For a while, there was a lapse of interesting press reports, so many just presumed that he was already dead and were surprised when he was not. Some pondered his many misadventures and wondered how he escaped retribution from a hangman, a firing squad, or an irate victim. Though a notorious scoundrel in his time, notably from 1850 to 1862, French has been relegated to a minor footnote in antebellum America and Civil War history.
The Crabb Massacre was the culmination of the eight-day Battle of Caborca. It was fought between Mexico and their O'odham allies against irregular forces from the United States in April 1857. Due to the outbreak of the Reform War in Mexico between conservatives and liberals (1858-1860), the rebel Ignacio Pesqueira invited the U.S. politician Henry A. Crabb to colonize the northern frontier region in the state of Sonora. The colonists could help Pesqueira fight in the civil war and against the Apache.
Ramón Belloso (1810–1858) was a Salvadoran military man born in San Salvador who helped expel the filibuster William Walker from Nicaragua.
Filibuster Camp is the historic locale of a camp along the Gila River route of the Southern Emigrant Trail in Yuma County, Arizona, named in memory of a failed filibuster expedition to Sonora that began there in 1856.
The action of 23 November 1856 was a minor naval engagement during the Filibuster War between the Nicaraguan (Filibusters) schooner Granada and the Costa Rican brig Once de Abril, which took place off San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua.
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